Human development should be considered a snapshot in time. A big idea of the developmental perspective is that human development occurs in clearly defined age-graded stages. A closed system is one where there is an exchange of resources with external systems.
The social behavioral perspective suggests that human behavior is learned as individuals inter- act with their environments. 8. The humanistic perspective emphasizes the individual's inherent value, freedom of action, and search for meaning.
How does cognitive development progress, according to Piaget? Piaget focused on the development of logical thinking. He discovered that such thinking develops across four childhood and adolescent stages; the sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational stages.
Social learning theory suggests that human behavior is learned as individuals interact with their environment.
The cognitive perspective is concerned with “mental” functions such as memory, perception, attention, etc. It views people as being similar to computers in the way we process information (e.g., input-process-output).
The developmental perspective theory is an explanation of a person's life from birth to death. This explanation addresses the main areas of the person's life like cognition, their social life, and physical growth.
Cognitive development means the growth of a child's ability to think and reason. This growth happens differently from ages 6 to 12, and from ages 12 to 18. Children ages 6 to 12 years old develop the ability to think in concrete ways. These are called concrete operations.
in Psychology, Behavioral And Social Science. The cognitive development theory is based on the development of human intelligence. The central concept of the theory is that children actively construct their own cognition or knowledge as a result of their independent explorations.
The term cognitive development refers to the process of growth and change in intellectual/mental abilities such as thinking, reasoning and understanding. It includes the acquisition and consolidation of knowledge.
The systems theory, sometimes called the dynamic systems theory,54 involves a complex relationship among the individual, the task, and the environment such that movement is a result of specific task goals and demands.
Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning theory considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior.
"Truths or knowledge created through awareness of reality gleaned from particular social locations. The concept of standpoint assumes that all people see the world from the place where they are situated socioculturally.
Biological age. Indicates a person's level of biological development and physical health, as measured by functioning of various organ system.
Human lives are interdependent, and the family is the primary arena for experiencing and interpreting wider historical, cultural, and social phenomena. The differing patterns of social networks in which persons are embedded produced very different differences in life course experiences.
Cohorts tend to have different life trajectories because of the unique historical events each cohort encounters. Human agency in making choices. Human agency particularly personal agency, allows for extensive individual differences in life course trajectories as individuals plan and make choices between options.
Turning point. Life event or transition that produces a lasting shift in the life course trajectory. Cohort effects. When distinctive formative experiences are shared at the same point in the life course and have a lasting impact on a birth cohort. Ex- cohort that were young children at the time of economic downturn,
A transition can become a turning point under five conditions: (1)When transitions occurs simultaneously with crisis or is followed by a crisis. (2)When the transition involves family conflict over the needs and wants of individuals and the greater good of the family unit.
Freud, Erikson, and Piaget are the three classic stage theorists whose models depict development as occurring in a series of predictable stages. Stage theorists see developmental change often occurs in distinct stages that are qualitatively different from each other, and in a set, universal sequence.
Welcome to the study of human growth and development, commonly referred to as the “womb to tomb” course because it is the story of our journeys from conception to death. Human development is the study of how we change over time.
This viewpoint is considered a stage theory. Freud and Piaget present a series of stages that mostly end during adolescence. For Freud, we enter the genital stage in which much of our motivation is focused on sex and reproduction, and this stage continues through adulthood.
Development is multicontextual. People are best understood in context. What is meant by the word “context”? It means that we are influenced by when and where we live, and our actions, beliefs, and values are a response to circumstances surrounding us. Robert Sternberg, a famous psychologist whose theory of intelligence is based on three factors. Sternberg describes a type of intelligence known as “contextual” intelligence as the ability to understand what is called for in a situation (Sternberg, 1996). The key here is to understand that behaviors, motivations, emotions, and choices are all part of a bigger picture. Our concerns are such because of who we are socially, where we live, and when we live; they are part of a social climate and set of realities that surround us. Our social locations include cohort, social class, gender, race, ethnicity, and age. Let us explore two of these: cohort and social class.
The upper class is subdivided into “upper-upper” and “lower-upper” categories based on how money and wealth were acquired. The “upper-upper class” (0.5%) has money from investments or inheritance and tend to be stewards of the family fortune.
Experiments are designed to test hypotheses (or specific statements about the relationship between variables) in a controlled setting in efforts to explain how certain factors or events produce outcomes. Researcher use an experimental design to determine cause and effect. In order to draw causal conclusions, the researchers must have an independent variable and a dependent variable. The indepdendent variable is something altered or introduced by the researcher. The dependent variable is the outcome or the factor affected by the introduction of the independent variable.
Furthermore, developmental psychologists have concerns and criticisms for sections of each of Freud’s and Piaget’s theories. Erikson, however, presents eight developmental stages throughout the lifespan describing our struggles with issues of independence, trust, and intimacy.