Intelligence is the result of a complex interaction between heredity and the environment.
Intelligence predicts performance in almost all life domains
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Intelligence is the capacity to learn from experience, to think rationally, and to deal with the environment. Achievement is what happens when intelligence is applied . Achievement is the specific knowledge and skills gained from experience.
Although heredity plays a large part in intelligence, a stable home life and effective parenting and teaching also are important. A well organized and safe home environment contributes to high levels of intellectual functioning in children. Parents can also encourage a child's intellectual development.
Describe the characteristics of people with mental retardation. Describe the abilities of people at the four levels of retardation. People with mental retardation have IQ scores of 70 or below. People with mental retardation have problems in communicating, taking care of themselves, social skills, use of leisure time, traveling, self-direction, ...
The reliability of a test is its ability to yield consistent results time after time. Test validity is its ability to measure what it is supposed to measure. Most intelligence tests are invalid. A measurement based on whether an intelligent assessment gives highly similar scores every time it is used.
Intelligence makes achievement possible by giving people the ability to learn.
Studies have shown that an older person's intelligence level can decline. Some of this has to do with biological changes. But such environmental factors as level of income, level of education, job experience, and other environmental factors can help older people maintain very high levels of intellectual functioning.
every officer should report to one and only one superior.
subordinates do not always have the same "big picture" viewpoint of their superiors
The Integrated Psychological Theory of leadership is an attempt to integrate the strengths of the older theories (i.e. traits, behavioral/styles, situational and functional) while addressing their limitations, introducing a new element – the need for leaders to develop their leadership presence, attitude toward others and behavioral flexibility by practicing psychological mastery. It also offers a foundation for leaders wanting to apply the philosophies of servant leadership and authentic leadership.
Those who emerge as leaders tend to be more (order in strength of relationship with leadership emergence): extroverted, conscientious, emotionally stable, and open to experience , although these tendencies are stronger in laboratory studies of leaderless groups.
Kurt Lewin, Ronald Lipitt, and Ralph White developed in 1939 the seminal work on the influence of leadership styles and performance. The researchers evaluated the performance of groups of eleven-year-old boys under different types of work climate.
Leadership is a matter of intelligence, trustworthiness, humaneness, courage, and discipline ... Reliance on intelligence alone results in rebelliousness. Exercise of humaneness alone results in weakness. Fixation on trust results in folly. Dependence on the strength of courage results in violence.