Insulin (1), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) 5 (2), and growth hormone (GH) (3) each has acute, anabolic actions on skeletal muscle protein. Each also has distinct effects on glucose and fat metabolism in muscle. In recent years, more has been learned regarding the mechanisms by which these agents exert their biological effects.
Full Answer
A variety of factors have been shown to influence rates of protein breakdown in rat skeletal muscles. Muscles isolated from hypophysectomized rats show lower rates of protein synthesis and breakdown than those from normal controls.
The lack of growth hormone is primarily responsible for the lower rates of protein synthesis, but this hormone does not affect overal protein catabolism. The lack of thyroid hormones is responsible for reduced protein breakdown in muscle after hypophysectomy or thyroidectomy.
This acceleration of protein catabolism accounts for the decrease in weight of muscle and liver in hyperthyroidism. Thyroid hormones also increase the content of lysosomal proteases and other hydrolases in muscle and liver, and this effect may be responsible for the concomitant increase in protein breakdown in these tissues.
An important function of growth hormone (GH) is to promote cell and tissue growth, and a key component of these effects is the stimulation of protein synthesis.
hGHhGH (Human growth hormone) also known as somatotrophic hormone is responsible for the growth of long bones, muscles and viscera. TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) influences the structure of the thyroid and causes it to secrete thyroid hormone.
The major role of growth hormone in stimulating body growth is to stimulate the liver and other tissues to secrete IGF-I.
the pituitary glandACTH is a hormone made by the pituitary gland, a small gland at the base of the brain. ACTH controls the production of another hormone called cortisol. Cortisol is made by the adrenal glands, two small glands located above the kidneys.
GH; Somatotropin is produced by cells called somatotrophs of the anterior lobe and has both growth promoting and metabolic actions. GH stimulates most body cells to increase in size and divide, its major targets are bones and skeletal muscles.
ACTH is a hormone produced in the pituitary gland that stimulates the adrenal glands.
Which hormone increases the rate of protein synthesis in a client? Thyroxine increases the rate of protein synthesis in all the body tissues. Estrogen stimulates bone-building, which is known as osteoblastic activity.
IGF is a hormone that your body makes naturally. It used to be known as somatomedin. IGF, which comes mainly from the liver, acts a lot like insulin. IGF helps to control growth hormone secretion in the pituitary gland. IGF works with growth hormones to promote growth and development of bone and tissue.
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) is a hormone that functions as the major mediator of growth hormone (GH)-stimulated somatic growth, as well as a mediator of GH-independent anabolic responses in many cells and tissues.
A steroid hormone made by the adrenal cortex (the outer layer of the adrenal gland). It helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body. Too much aldosterone can cause high blood pressure and a build-up of fluid in body tissues.
The ACTH hormone is the primary regulator of cortisol production synthesized in the human adrenal fasciculate cells. ACTH is a post-translational product of the proopiomelanocortin protein (POMC), which is synthesized in the corticotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland.
Pituitary glandHormones and the Endocrine SystemWhere the hormone is producedHormone(s) secretedPituitary glandGrowth hormone (GH)Pituitary glandLuteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)Pituitary glandOxytocinPituitary glandProlactin22 more rows
A variety of factors have been shown to influence rates of protein breakdown in rat skeletal muscles. Muscles isolated from hypophysectomized rats show lower rates of protein synthesis and breakdown than those from normal controls.
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Goldberg, A. L., Tischler, M., DeMartino, G., & Griffin, G. (1980). Hormonal regulation of protein degradation and synthesis in skeletal muscle. Federation Proceedings, 39 (1), 31-36.