Negative externalities associated with consumption are any negative effect on third parties as a result of the acquisition and use of goods and services. An example of a commonly discussed external cost of consumption is the amount of waste plastic discarded after use.
Negative production externalities are any negative impact on a third party as a result of the process of production and distribution of goods and services.
Goods that are polluting could be subject to taxation, which could help reduce production to a more socially efficient and sustainable level.