· Studying the functions of the living brain of human beings is complex. However, a damaged brain can give information of the brain functions because a slight effect on the normal brain structure results in severe effects on the functioning. The brain fails to send information in the normal way; therefore, it becomes easy to notice a brain damage.
· The primary brain structures involved with memory formation are the amygdala, the hippocampus, the cerebellum, and the prefrontal cortex [ CITATION Lum202 \l 1033 ]. The amygdala’s primary function is emotion regulation, which includes fear and aggression. Not only does the amygdala control emotional regulation, but it also plays a key role ...
Tap card to see definition 👆. • Decreases in experience and expression of fear and aggression. • Flattened emotions. • Inappropriate response to stimuli (placid demeanor in the presence of animals monkeys would normally fear) • Psychic blindness (visual object agnosia) • Inability to learn from experience—hippocampal involvement.
Koenigs et al. (2008) studied post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in U.S. soldiers wounded in combat and found that [all or none] of the patients with brain damage that included the amygdala developed PTSD. none
When people have symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, the amygdala becomes hyperactive while the medial prefrontal cortex becomes hypoactive.
In addition to head injury symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, constant headaches, slurred speech, sensitivity to light and loss of consciousness, additional symptoms may include: Seizures – In many moderate and severe cases, seizures occur and are a red flag to more serious brain or neurological injury.
Debrief/Bottom line. Your amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus all contribute to the feelings and actions associated with fear, clear thinking, decision-making, and memory. Understanding how they work also might explain why some therapies can help you work through PTSD.
Military service members and Veterans are also at risk of brain injury from explosions experienced during combat or training exercises. Depending on the severity of the brain injury, a person with TBI may experience a change in consciousness that can range from being dazed and confused to losing consciousness.
Loss of or decreased consciousness. Loss of memory for events before or after the event (amnesia) Focal neurological deficits such as muscle weakness, loss of vision, change in speech. Alteration in mental state such as disorientation, slow thinking or difficulty concentrating.
TBIs are caused by falls, accidents, motor vehicle accidents, assaults, or shock wave blasts from improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Soldiers are at risk for blast injuries from, rocket propelled grenades, IEDs and land mines.
The amygdala is commonly thought to form the core of a neural system for processing fearful and threatening stimuli (4), including detection of threat and activation of appropriate fear-related behaviors in response to threatening or dangerous stimuli.
Studies have shown that PTSD actually does affect the functions of the brains in multiple ways. The effects of trauma on the brain impact three areas of the brain that are impacted the most are the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex. These area's all play a part in regulating emotions and responding to fear.
medial temporal lobeThe amygdala is located in the medial temporal lobe, just anterior to (in front of) the hippocampus. Similar to the hippocampus, the amygdala is a paired structure, with one located in each hemisphere of the brain.
According to an estimate from the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center (DVBIC), of all casualties from the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan, 22% were as a result of sustaining a brain injury. In comparison, it's estimated that casualties from the Vietnam War resulting from brain injuries were just 12%.
From 2000-2019 Q3, 413,858 United States military personnel worldwide experienced a TBI; 82.8% were considered mild, 9.8% moderate, and 2.3% penetrating or severe.
With mild TBI patients, full recovery can be within minutes to hours; a small percentage have symptoms that may persist months or years. Symptoms of mild TBI include headache, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, trouble concentrating, memory problems, irritability.
Kim's brain has a congenital anomaly (difference in brain anatomy when born), it lacks the main connection between the right & left hemispheres. What was Kim born without?
Paul suffered from encephalitis (a brain infection) while in college. He recovered, but lost his ability to store new long-term memories. What part of the brain did the encephalitis damage?
Leon's car was broadsided by a truck causing Leon's head to smash against the driver's side window damaging his temporal lobe. What ability may be affected?
Andrew suffered damage to part of the surface of his brain after suffering a massive football collision. As a result Andrew has lost some sensory awareness of his left leg. Where is Andrew's brain damage?
Juanita suffers from focal epilepsy (seizures localized in just one part of the brain). Her seizures are triggering extreme emotions, most often extreme fear followed by a rage response. Part of brain is being affected?
area of the occipital lobe being stimulated by the environment.
Dr. Frankenstein made a mistake during neurosurgery on his monster. After the operation, the monster "saw" with his ears and "heard" with his eyes. It is likely that Dr. Frankenstein "rewired" neural connections in the monster's:
his right hemisphere may take over much of the language function.
form of encoding provides two mental "placeholders" for information?
the wording of a question can influence memory. If one thinks about going to the dentist, one may think about the various steps of cleaning and checking that the dentist and his assistants typically go through on any given visit, regardless of what dentist one may go to. These thoughts would be an example of a: script.