Hypoxia is the most important cause of cell injury. Irreversible cell injury can be recognized by changes in the appearance of the nucleus and rupture of the cell membrane.
Generally, stimuli that cause cellular injury include immunological reactions (hypersensitivity reaction to foreign agents, autoimmune reactions, immune deficiency), nutritional imbalances (protein calorie malnutrition, excessive intake of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins), genetic defects (inborn errors in metabolism ...
Cellular damage after injury or damage Cellular damage causes a severe inflammatory response that ends with repair to damaged cells/tissue, and is part of the innate immune response. Following injury, the damaged endothelium releases mediators and stimulates the clotting cascade.Jun 1, 2003
Reversible cell injury: Features: Cellular swelling due to water influx (earliest manifestation of cell injury) Hydropic change or vacuolar degeneration: small, clear vacuoles within the cytoplasm (from distended ER) Plasma membrane alterations (blebbing, blunting, loss of microvilli)Nov 26, 2020
Cell swelling occurs when the cell loses its ability to precisely control the influx of sodium (Na+) ions and water and efflux of potassium (K+) ions to the cytosol.
Mediators Released from Damaged Cells Provoke Pain Using a co-culture system of primary afferent neurons with keratinocytes, Cook et al. demonstrated that nociceptors generate action potentials immediately after the destruction of nearby keratinocytes [2].
In cells deprived of oxygen or glucose, proteins may become misfolded, and misfolded proteins trigger a cellular reaction called the unfolded protein response that may lead to cell injury and even death.Feb 4, 2006
Intracellular infectious agents frequently cause disease by damaging the cells that house them. The specific killing of virus-infected cells by cytotoxic T cells thus not only prevents virus spread but removes damaged cells.
Two patterns of reversible cell injury can be recognized under the light microscope: cellular swelling and cellular fatty change. Cellular swelling appears whenever cells are incapable of maintaining ionic and fluid homeostasis and is the result of loss of function of plasma membrane energy-dependent ion pumps.Feb 4, 2006
Cell injury is classified as reversible if the injured cell can regain homeostasis and return to a morphologically (and functionally) normal state. Acute cell swelling is the classic morphologic change in reversible injury; however, it is also the typical early change of irreversible cell injury.
Like most types of necrosis, if enough viable cells are present around the affected area, regeneration will usually occur.