the course of human history is determined is determined,not by what happens

What is the study of history?

Updated October 01, 2019 History is the study of the human past as it is described in written documentsleft behind by humans. The past, with all of its complicated choices and events, participants dead and history told, is what the general public perceives to be the immutable bedrock on which historians and archaeologists stand.

How do you understand human history?

It is understood through archaeology, anthropology, genetics, and linguistics, and since the advent of writing, from primary and secondary sources . Humanity's written history was preceded by its prehistory, beginning with the Palaeolithic Era ("Old Stone Age"), followed by the Neolithic Era ("New Stone Age").

What is history?

History is not the accumulation of events of every kind which happened in the past. It is the science of human societies."

Should history be a science?

"History is and should be a science... History is not the accumulation of events of every kind which happened in the past. It is the science of human societies."

What is human history?

Human history, or recorded history, is the narrative of humanity 's past. It is understood through archaeology, anthropology, genetics, and linguistics, and since the advent of writing, from primary and secondary sources .

When did humans start colonizing North America?

Yet, humans had colonized nearly all the ice-free parts of the globe by the end of the Ice Age, some 12,000 years ago.

What was the first civilization in Europe?

In Crete the Minoan civilization had entered the Bronze Age by 2700 BCE and is regarded as the first civilization in Europe. Over the next millennia, other river valleys saw monarchical empires rise to power. In the 25th – 21st centuries BCE, the empires of Akkad and Sumer arose in Mesopotamia.

What are the three ages of civilization?

Main articles: Cradle of civilization, Bronze Age, and Iron Age. Great Pyramids of Giza, Egypt. The Bronze Age is part of the three-age system ( Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age) that for some parts of the world describes effectively the early history of civilization.

When was the modern era?

In the linear, global, historiographical approach, modern history (the "modern period," the "modern era," "modern times") is the history of the period following post-classical history (in Europe known as the " Middle Ages "), spanning from about 1500 to the present.

Who controlled the empire from England to Mesopotamia?

The empire would continue to grow, controlling much of the land from England to Mesopotamia, reaching its greatest extent under the emperor Trajan (died 117 CE). In the 3rd century CE, the empire split into western and eastern regions, with (usually) separate emperors.

When did the Neolithic era begin?

The Neolithic saw the Agricultural Revolution begin, between 10,000 and 5000 BCE, in the Near East 's Fertile Crescent.

What Are the Eight Stages of Human Development?

If human development is the study of how people change throughout their lives, how and when does this development happen? Many scientists and psychologists have studied various aspects of human development, including ego psychologist Erik Erikson.

Other Theories of Human Development

Although widely used, Erikson’s psychosocial development theory has been critiqued for focusing too much on childhood. Critics claim that his emphasis makes the model less representative of the growth that people experienced in adulthood.

Human Development vs. Developmental Psychology

What are the differences between human development and developmental psychology? These terms are closely related. In fact, the study of developmental psychology is most people’s entry into human development.

What Are the Genetic Factors That Affect Human Growth and Development?

One more key element of human growth and development left to explore is genetics. Genetics influences the speed and way in which people develop, though other factors, such as parenting, education, experiences, and socioeconomic factors, are also at play.

Why Do We Study Human Growth and Development?

The study of human growth and development offers a wealth of value for personal and professional growth and understanding. Many reasons exist for why we study human growth and development.

What is the theory of determinism?

Determinism, in philosophy, theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes. Determinism is usually understood to preclude free will because it entails that humans cannot act otherwise than they do. The theory holds that the universe is utterly rational because complete knowledge ...

What is the definition of determinism in philosophy?

Determinism, in philosophy, theory that all events, including moral choices, are completely determined by previously existing causes.

What is the study of the human past?

History is the study of the human past as it is described in written documents left behind by humans. The past, with all of its complicated choices and events, participants dead and history told, is what the general public perceives to be the immutable bedrock on which historians and archaeologists stand.

What is the meaning of history?

"History is a narration of the events which have happened among mankind, including an account of the rise and fall of nations, as well as of other great changes which have affected the political and social condition of the human race." (John Jacob Anderson)

What would happen if science was achieved?

"If a science of history were achieved, it would, like the science of celestial mechanics, make possible the calculable prediction of the future in history. It would bring the totality of historical occurrences within a single field and reveal the unfolding future to its last end, including all the apparent choices made and to be made. It would be omniscience. The creator of it would possess the attributes ascribed by the theologians to God. The future once revealed, humanity would have nothing to do except to await its doom."

What is the main idea of the Foundation Trilogy?

The main concept of the Foundation Trilogy is that if you are a good enough mathematician, you can accurately predict the future, based on the record of the past. Asimov read very widely indeed, so it should come as no surprise that his ideas were based on the writings of other historians.

What is a race of people?

"A race of people is like an individual man; until it uses its own talent, takes pride in its own history, expresses its own culture, affirms its own selfhood, it can never fulfill itself ."

Who said the foundations of history are the recitals of the fathers to the children?

Voltaire . "The first foundations of all history are the recitals of the fathers to the children, transmitted afterward from one generation to another; at their origin, they are at the very most probable, when they do not shock common sense, and they lose one degree of probability in each generation.".

How, Why and Where?

"The History of every major Galactic Civilization tends to pass through three distinct and recognizable phases, those of Survival, Inquiry, and Sophistication, otherwise known as the How, Why and Where phases. For instance, the first phase is characterized by the question "How can we eat?" the second by the question "Why do we eat?" and the third by the question "Where shall we have lunch?" ( Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Universe )

Who first lectured on human nature and history?

The very first lecture in a series on The Philosophy of History, delivered in Boston, Massachusetts, on December 8, 1836, by Ralph Waldo Emerson begins with these sentences: It is remarkable that most men read little History.

Who developed a Tripartite Soul view of human nature?

Plato, Socrates and Shakespeare endorse a Tripartite Soul view of Human Nature. From the late eighteen-twenties Ralph Waldo Emerson developed a thorough enthusiasm for an approach to Metaphysics outlined by a French philosopher named Victor Cousin: an enthusiasm that was to remain with him for several years.

What is the eye of those who have written our annals?

The eye of those who have written our annals is not fixed at a point of sufficient elevation to command the whole prospect of humanity. They magnify appearances, measure by vulgar standards; and in their solicitude to expose the events which have made the most noise omit the most pregnant and silent revolutions.

Which duchy was returned to the control of a junior "Habsburg-Lorraine" branch

The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was returned to the control of a junior "Habsburg-Lorraine" branch of the Hapsburgs. The Duchy of Modena. The Duchy of Modena was returned to the control of a junior "Habsburg-Este" branch of the Hapsburgs. The Duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla.

Where is the creation of a thousand forests?

The creation of a thousand forests is in one acorn, and Egypt, Greece, Rome, Gaul, Britain, America, lie folded already in the first man. Epoch after epoch, camp, kingdom, empire, republic, democracy, are merely the application of his manifold spirit to the manifold world.

Is man explicable by history?

Man is explicable by nothing less than all his history. Without hurry, without rest, the human spirit goes forth from the beginning to embody every faculty, every thought, every emotion which belongs to it, in appropriate events. But always the thought is prior to the fact.

Is history a dead subject?

It studies the past and the legacies of the past in the present. Far from being a 'dead' subject, it connects things through time and encourages its students to take a long view of such connections. All people and peoples are living histories.

What is the importance of John Earman's Primer on Determinism?

Here I will give only a brief discussion of some key issues, referring the reader to Earman (1986) and other resources for more detail. Figuring out whether well-established theories are deterministic or not (or to what extent, if they fall only a bit short) does not do much to help us know whether our world is really governed by deterministic laws; all our current best theories, including General Relativity and the Standard Model of particle physics, are too flawed and ill-understood to be mistaken for anything close to a Final Theory. Nevertheless, as Earman stressed, the exploration is very valuable because of the way it enriches our understanding of the richness and complexity of determinism.

What is Causal Determinism?

Causal determinism is, roughly speaking, the idea that every event is necessitated by antecedent events and conditions together with the laws of nature. The idea is ancient, but first became subject to clarification and mathematical analysis in the eighteenth century. Determinism is deeply connected with our understanding of the physical sciences and their explanatory ambitions, on the one hand, and with our views about human free action on the other. In both of these general areas there is no agreement over whether determinism is true (or even whether it can be known true or false), and what the import for human agency would be in either case.

What is the second important genre of theories of laws of nature?

Instead, on such views that deny laws most of their pushiness and explanatory force, questions about determinism and human freedom simply need to be approached afresh. A second important genre of theories of laws of nature holds that the laws are in some sense necessary.

What does "under the sway of" mean in determinism?

In the loose statement of determinism we are working from, metaphors such as “govern” and “under the sway of” are used to indicate the strong force being attributed to the laws of nature. Part of understanding determinism—and especially, whether and why it is metaphysically important—is getting clear about the status of the presumed laws of nature.

Why do philosophers ignore determinism?

The reason for this is that we tend to think of the past (and hence, states of the world in the past) as done, over, fixed and beyond our control .

Is determinism proof of probability?

Determinism could perhaps also receive direct support—confirmation in the sense of probability-raising, not proof—from experience and experiment. For theories (i.e., potential laws of nature) of the sort we are used to in physics, it is typically the case that if they are deterministic, then to the extent that one can perfectly isolate a system and repeatedly impose identical starting conditions, the subsequent behavior of the systems should also be identical. And in broad terms, this is the case in many domains we are familiar with. Your computer starts up every time you turn it on, and (if you have not changed any files, have no anti-virus software, re-set the date to the same time before shutting down, and so on …) always in exactly the same way, with the same speed and resulting state (until the hard drive fails). The light comes on exactly 32 µsec after the switch closes (until the day the bulb fails). These cases of repeated, reliable behavior obviously require some serious ceteris paribus clauses, are never perfectly identical, and always subject to catastrophic failure at some point. But we tend to think that for the small deviations, probably there are explanations for them in terms of different starting conditions or failed isolation, and for the catastrophic failures, definitely there are explanations in terms of different conditions.

Is the world governed by determinism?

Determinism: The world is governed by (or is under the sway of) determinism if and only if, given a specified way things are at a time t, the way things go thereafter is fixed as a matter of natural law .

Pithy History Definitions

The Psycho-Historian

• Between 1942 and 1944, the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov wrote the first short stories which were to become the basis for the Foundationtrilogy. The main concept of the Foundation Trilogy is that if you are a good enough mathematician, you can accurately predict the future, based on the record of the past. Asimov read very widely indeed, so i...

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A Pack of Tricks

According to Prufrock