physiological effects of exercise addition include which of the following course hero

How does exercise affect your physical fitness level?

Very generally speaking, the more frequent and intense the exercise, the greater the level of physical fitness. Let's take a closer look at what happens in the body during exercise to understand its long term effects on overall health and wellness.

Why does frequent strenuous activity improve physical fitness?

Frequent strenuous activity improves physical fitness because over time the body adapts and becomes stronger. Physiological changes to the respiratory, cardiovascular, musculoskeletal, and cognitive systems occur in the body during exercise and add up to long term benefits to health and wellness.

What is the physiological response to exercise?

The physiological response to exercise is dependent on the intensity, duration and frequency of the exercise as well as the environmental conditions. During physical exercise, requirements for oxygen and substrate in skeletal muscle are increased, as are the removal of metabolites and carbon dioxide.

How does physical activity affect cognitive function?

Physical activity causes numerous physiological changes, or physical alterations to accommodate use, that typically lead to long term benefits. Explore this through the respiratory, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems, including cognitive changes as well. Updated: 11/24/2021.

How does acculturation affect substance use?

How does alcohol affect women?

What are the health risks of socioeconomic status?

Why are women more susceptible to alcohol and drugs than men?

Is there research on the effects of alcohol and drugs on women?

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How does acculturation affect substance use?

The prevalence of substance abuse among ethnic women typically coincides with higher levels of acculturation in the United States, thus leading to greater health issues. Literature suggests that women from ethnically diverse backgrounds who have substance use disorders possess greater risks for developing certain conditions and disorders, such as hypertension, high blood pressure, and HIV/AIDS (Centers for Disease Control [CDC] 2000 a, b; Steffens et al. 2006; Vernon 2007 ). These health disparities arise from many sources, including difficulty in accessing affordable health care, delays in seeking treatment, limited socioeconomic resources, racism, and discrimination ( Gee 2002 ; Mays et al. 2007; Williams 2002 ). In addition, mistrust of health care providers is a significant barrier to receiving appropriate screening, preventive care, timely interventions, and adequate treatment ( Alegria et al. 2002 ). More recent studies have explored the role of gender in perceived discrimination and health, and some studies have noted differences in the type of stressors, reactions, and health consequences between men and women ( Finch et al. 2000; Flores et al. 2008 ). For example, the Black Women’s Health Study found that perceived experiences of racism were associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer ( Taylor et al. 2007 ).

How does alcohol affect women?

Alcohol’s effects on women have been studied more than those of illicit drugs. Compared with men, women become more cognitively impaired by alcohol and are more susceptible to alcohol-related organ damage. Women develop damage at lower levels of consumption over a shorter period of time (for review, see Antai-Otong 2006 ). When men and women of the same weight consume equal amounts of alcohol, women have higher blood alcohol concentrations. Women have proportionately more body fat and a lower volume of body water compared with men of similar weight ( Romach and Sellers 1998 ). As a result, women have a higher concentration of alcohol because there is less volume of water to dilute it.

What are the health risks of socioeconomic status?

Overall, lower socioeconomic status is associated with higher mortality rates and greater risks for cervical cancer, coronary heart disease, HIV/ AIDS, and other health conditions and medical disorders ( Adler and Coriell 1997 ). More than ethnicity, socioeconomic status heavily influences the health risks associated with substance abuse. Research suggests that when the socioeconomic conditions of ethnically diverse populations are similar to those of the White population, consequences of substance use appear comparable ( Jones-Webb et al. 1995 ). Among women, alcohol and drug-related morbidity and mortality are disproportionately higher in individuals of lower socioeconomic status, which is associated with insufficient healthcare services, difficulties in accessing treatment, lack of appropriate nutrition, and inadequate prenatal care. Subsequently, impoverished women who abuse substances often experience greater health consequences and poorer health outcomes.

Why are women more susceptible to alcohol and drugs than men?

In general, with higher levels of alcohol and drugs in the system for longer periods of time, women are also more susceptible to alcohol- and drug-related diseases and organ damage.

Is there research on the effects of alcohol and drugs on women?

In general, research on the unique physiological effects of alcohol and drugs in women is limited and sometimes inconclusive. Although the differences in the way women and men metabolize alcohol have been studied in some depth, research on differences in metabolism of illicit drugs is limited. For many years, much of the research on metabolism of substances either used male subjects exclusively or did not report on gender differences. Historically, women were omitted due to the potential risk of pregnancy and the possibility that hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle would wreak havoc on the drugs’ effects and subsequent results.

Why do my muscles feel firm after exercise?

If you exercise regularly, they probably feel firm because exercise increases muscle tone. During strenuous exercise, the muscles use more than twice the amount of oxygen they do during restful periods. The muscles use the oxygen to create glycogen, a natural source of energy.

Why do muscles need oxygen?

The muscles use the oxygen to create glycogen, a natural source of energy. This process makes muscles larger, and strength increases over time. Bones and joints also benefit from exercise by becoming denser and stronger.

Why do muscles get bigger?

Muscles get firmer and larger as they use oxygen to create glycogen for energy. Brain health improves because of increased oxygen and blood levels during exercise. To unlock this lesson you must be a Study.com Member. Create your account.

Why do lungs get stronger?

The lungs get stronger as they work harder to take in oxygen during periods of physical activity and deliver it to the body. The heart pumps faster and blood pressure increases during exercise in an effort to send the oxygen and other vital nutrients throughout the body.

How does the heart work?

The heart and blood vessels work together to transport the extra oxygen to the muscles in the body. To do this, the heart works harder than it would during times of rest. It beats faster and uses more force to send the oxygen and other vital nutrients and hormones through the bloodstream.

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Does strenuous activity help with physical fitness?

It can also prevent age-related brain diseases such Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Lesson Summary. Frequent strenuous activity improves physical fitness because over time the body adapts and becomes stronger.

What is the physiological response to exercise?

The physiological response to exercise is dependent on the intensity, duration and frequency of the exercise as well as the environmental conditions. During physical exercise, requirements for oxygen and substrate in skeletal muscle are increased, as are the removal of metabolites and carbon dioxide.

Why does arterial pH rise during exercise?

The changes which occur in arterial pH, Po2 and Pco2 values during exercise are usually small. Arterial Po2 often rises slightly because of hyperventilation although it may eventually fall at high work rates. During vigorous exercise, when sufficient oxygen for flux through the Krebs cycle is not available, the increased reliance on glycolysis results in increased accumulation of lactic acid, which initially leads to an increase in P a co2. However, this is counteracted by the stimulation of ventilation and as a result P a co2 is decreased. This provides some respiratory compensation for further lactic acid production and prevents a decline in blood pH, which remains nearly constant during moderate exercise.

How does glycolysis occur?

Glycolysis is the pathway by which glycogen and glucose are converted to two pyruvate molecules. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters the Krebs cycle via acetyl CoA. Each turn of the Krebs cycle produces hydrogen carriers that enter the electron transport chain (ETC) and ultimately donate H + to oxygen to form water, allowing the ETC to proceed. However, when oxygen is not present, the ETC cannot proceed which prevents flux through the Krebs cycle and results in a build up of pyruvate. If this was allowed to continue then glycolysis would stop and no further ATP would be resynthesized. Fortunately, pyruvate can accept the hydrogen carrier, forming lactic acid via lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). The conversion of glycogen to lactic acid yields only 3 mol ATP per molecule of glycogen, but this can occur in the absence of oxygen and the maximum rate of glycolysis can be reached within a few seconds of the onset of exercise. In contrast, complete breakdown of glycogen via glycolysis, the Krebs cycle and the ETC yields 39 ATP per molecule of glycogen.

How does oxygen consumption affect exercise?

Ventilation increases linearly with increases in work rate at submaximal exercise intensities. Oxygen consumption also increases linearly with increasing work rate at submaximal intensities. In an average young male, resting oxygen consumption is about 250 ml min −1 and in an endurance athlete oxygen consumption during very high intensity exercise might reach 5000 ml min −1. The increase in pulmonary ventilation is attributable to a combination of increases in tidal volume and respiratory rate and closely matches the increase in oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide output. Breathing capacity, however, does not reach its maximum even during strenuous exercise and it is not responsible for the limitation in oxygen delivery to muscles seen during high intensity activity. Haemoglobin continues to be fully saturated with oxygen throughout exercise in people with normal respiratory function.

How much ATP is released in a muscle?

Each mole of ATP releases 7.3 kcal (30.7 kJ), and a small amount of ATP is stored in the muscle. If enough ATP was stored to fuel daily resting metabolism, it would amount to more than half of an individual's body mass. Therefore it is essential that ATP can be resynthesized rapidly from energy-dense molecules, and, at rest, the ATP requirement of muscles is readily supplied from the oxidative metabolism of glucose and fatty acids. However, at the onset of exercise there is an immediate requirement for increased supply of energy and there is only enough ATP stored for 1–2 seconds of work and therefore rapid ways to resynthesize ATP are required.

How does heart rate affect oxygen delivery?

Heart rate and stroke volume increase to about 90% of their maximum values during strenuous exercise and cardiovascular function is the limiting factor for oxygen delivery to the tissues. Oxygen utilization by the body can never be more than the rate at which the cardiovascular system can transport oxygen to the tissues. There is only a moderate increase in blood pressure secondary to the rise in cardiac output. This is caused by stretching of the walls of the arterioles and vasodilatation, which in combination reduce overall peripheral vascular resistance. There is a large increase in venous return as a consequence of muscular contraction, blood diversion from the viscera and vasoconstriction.

How much energy is converted into muscular work?

The maximum efficiency for the conversion of energy nutrients into muscular work is 20–25%. The remainder is released in a non-usable form as heat energy, which raises the body temperature. In order to dissipate the extra heat generated as a result of increased metabolism during exercise, blood supply to the skin must be increased. This is achieved with vasodilatation of cutaneous vessels by inhibition of the vasoconstrictor tone. Evaporation of sweat is also a major pathway for heat loss and further heat is lost in the expired air with ventilation.

How does acculturation affect substance use?

The prevalence of substance abuse among ethnic women typically coincides with higher levels of acculturation in the United States, thus leading to greater health issues. Literature suggests that women from ethnically diverse backgrounds who have substance use disorders possess greater risks for developing certain conditions and disorders, such as hypertension, high blood pressure, and HIV/AIDS (Centers for Disease Control [CDC] 2000 a, b; Steffens et al. 2006; Vernon 2007 ). These health disparities arise from many sources, including difficulty in accessing affordable health care, delays in seeking treatment, limited socioeconomic resources, racism, and discrimination ( Gee 2002 ; Mays et al. 2007; Williams 2002 ). In addition, mistrust of health care providers is a significant barrier to receiving appropriate screening, preventive care, timely interventions, and adequate treatment ( Alegria et al. 2002 ). More recent studies have explored the role of gender in perceived discrimination and health, and some studies have noted differences in the type of stressors, reactions, and health consequences between men and women ( Finch et al. 2000; Flores et al. 2008 ). For example, the Black Women’s Health Study found that perceived experiences of racism were associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer ( Taylor et al. 2007 ).

How does alcohol affect women?

Alcohol’s effects on women have been studied more than those of illicit drugs. Compared with men, women become more cognitively impaired by alcohol and are more susceptible to alcohol-related organ damage. Women develop damage at lower levels of consumption over a shorter period of time (for review, see Antai-Otong 2006 ). When men and women of the same weight consume equal amounts of alcohol, women have higher blood alcohol concentrations. Women have proportionately more body fat and a lower volume of body water compared with men of similar weight ( Romach and Sellers 1998 ). As a result, women have a higher concentration of alcohol because there is less volume of water to dilute it.

What are the health risks of socioeconomic status?

Overall, lower socioeconomic status is associated with higher mortality rates and greater risks for cervical cancer, coronary heart disease, HIV/ AIDS, and other health conditions and medical disorders ( Adler and Coriell 1997 ). More than ethnicity, socioeconomic status heavily influences the health risks associated with substance abuse. Research suggests that when the socioeconomic conditions of ethnically diverse populations are similar to those of the White population, consequences of substance use appear comparable ( Jones-Webb et al. 1995 ). Among women, alcohol and drug-related morbidity and mortality are disproportionately higher in individuals of lower socioeconomic status, which is associated with insufficient healthcare services, difficulties in accessing treatment, lack of appropriate nutrition, and inadequate prenatal care. Subsequently, impoverished women who abuse substances often experience greater health consequences and poorer health outcomes.

Why are women more susceptible to alcohol and drugs than men?

In general, with higher levels of alcohol and drugs in the system for longer periods of time, women are also more susceptible to alcohol- and drug-related diseases and organ damage.

Is there research on the effects of alcohol and drugs on women?

In general, research on the unique physiological effects of alcohol and drugs in women is limited and sometimes inconclusive. Although the differences in the way women and men metabolize alcohol have been studied in some depth, research on differences in metabolism of illicit drugs is limited. For many years, much of the research on metabolism of substances either used male subjects exclusively or did not report on gender differences. Historically, women were omitted due to the potential risk of pregnancy and the possibility that hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle would wreak havoc on the drugs’ effects and subsequent results.