A. Fetal hemoglobin is composed of two α- and two γ-chains
B. Anemia is the most common blood disorder in children.
C. It is common in children due to their extremely high need for iron for normal growth.
B. Hemoglobin of less than 5 g/dl may be accompanied by pallor.
D. ABO incompatibility can cause hemolytic disease without erythrocytes escaping maternal circulation.
A. Erythroblastosis fetalis
B. Indirect Coombs measures antibodies to the mother’s circulation.
C. Associated with icterus neonatorum
B. 25% are new mutations
Erythroblastosis fetalis is an alloimmune disease in which maternal blood and fetal blood are antigenically incompatible. Hydrops fetalis is the term for fetuses that do not survive anemia in utero; they are stillborn with gross edema of the entire body. Icterus neonatorum is neonatal jaundice. Cerebral damage from kernicterus causes death (icterus gravis neonatorum.)
G6PD deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder most commonly found in males. It is associated with icterus neonatorum in Asian and Mediterranean infants and results in hemolysis. Fava beans and the ingestion of certain drugs can cause a reaction.
The indirect Coombs test measures antibodies in the mother's circulation and indicates whether the fetus is at risk for hemolytic disease. The direct Coombs test measures antibody already bound to the surfaces of fetal erythrocytes and is primarily used to confirm the diagnosis of antibody-mediated hemolytic disease.
Hypoxemia is the most common cause of sickling. Sickling is an occasional, intermittent phenomenon that can be triggered or sustained by hypoxemia, increased hydrogen ion concentration in the blood (decreased pH), increased plasma osmolality, decreased plasma volume, and low temperature. HbS, also known as sickle hemoglobin, reacts to deoxygenation and dehydration by solidifying and stretching the erythrocyte into an elongated sickle shape.
Fetal hemoglobin is HbF and is composed of two α- and two γ-chains. The adult hemoglobins are HbA and HbA2 and are composed of two α- and two β-chains. The embryonic hemoglobins are Gower 1, 2, and Portland.
Children with hemoglobin counts of less than 5 g/dl will demonstrate pallor, tachycardia, and a systolic murmur. Splenomegaly is evident in 10% to 15% of children with iron deficiency anemia. Mild-to-moderate iron deficiency (hemoglobin 6 to 10 g/dl) may show some cellular changes. If the condition is long-standing, the sutures of the skull may widen.
B. Adult hemoglobin is composed of two α- and one γ-chain.
C. Direct Coombs indicates if the fetus is at risk for hemolytic disease.
B. Hemoglobin of less than 5 g/dl may be accompanied by pallor.
D. Three of the embryonic hemoglobins are Gower 1, 2, and 3.
C. It is common in children due to their extremely high need for iron for normal growth.
C. Anti-Rh antibodies are formed only in the response to transfusion.
C. There is only one cause of hemolytic anemia.
A. Sickle cell trait is the homozygous form of the disease.
Erythroblastosis fetalis is an alloimmune disease in which maternal blood and fetal blood are antigenically incompatible. Hydrops fetalis is the term for fetuses that do not survive anemia in utero; they are stillborn with gross edema of the entire body. Icterus neonatorum is neonatal jaundice. Cerebral damage from kernicterus causes death (icterus gravis neonatorum.)
G6PD deficiency is an X-linked recessive disorder most commonly found in males. It is associated with icterus neonatorum in Asian and Mediterranean infants and results in hemolysis. Fava beans and the ingestion of certain drugs can cause a reaction.
The indirect Coombs test measures antibodies in the mother's circulation and indicates whether the fetus is at risk for hemolytic disease. The direct Coombs test measures antibody already bound to the surfaces of fetal erythrocytes and is primarily used to confirm the diagnosis of antibody-mediated hemolytic disease.
Hypoxemia is the most common cause of sickling. Sickling is an occasional, intermittent phenomenon that can be triggered or sustained by hypoxemia, increased hydrogen ion concentration in the blood (decreased pH), increased plasma osmolality, decreased plasma volume, and low temperature. HbS, also known as sickle hemoglobin, reacts to deoxygenation and dehydration by solidifying and stretching the erythrocyte into an elongated sickle shape.
Fetal hemoglobin is HbF and is composed of two α- and two γ-chains. The adult hemoglobins are HbA and HbA2 and are composed of two α- and two β-chains. The embryonic hemoglobins are Gower 1, 2, and Portland.
Children with hemoglobin counts of less than 5 g/dl will demonstrate pallor, tachycardia, and a systolic murmur. Splenomegaly is evident in 10% to 15% of children with iron deficiency anemia. Mild-to-moderate iron deficiency (hemoglobin 6 to 10 g/dl) may show some cellular changes. If the condition is long-standing, the sutures of the skull may widen.
B. Adult hemoglobin is composed of two α- and one γ-chain.