which of the following terms means the likely course over time or outcome of a disease?

What is expected outcome of a disease?

Which term means a prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disease? ... Gastrosis means pertaining to the stomach. false. The term describing the time and events surrounding birth is. perinatal. A localized response to an injury or the destruction of tissues is known as ... An eponym is a disease, structure, operation, or procedure ...

What is the study of the causes of disease?

Jul 01, 2020 · In the case of an infectious disease, this represents interaction with a human, animal, or environment from which the pathogen can be transmitted. Incidence: Number of people in a population who develop a disease or other health outcome over a period of time. Infectious Disease: Something that causes an infection that can lead to a disease.

What is the prognosis of disease?

Which term means the cause of a disease? A) syndrome B) homeostasis C) etiology ... and induces protective immunity to further infection. This information about the course and probable outcome of hepatitis A is called its _____. A) mortality ... The number of cases of a disease occurring at a given time in a specified population is known as ...

What is a chronic disease?

Mar 21, 2019 · The majority (blue line) has a prolonged course following a relapsing and remitting course over many years. In some patients (red line) the disease never remits but continues to express herself clinically. In the long-term the natural course along the green and blue curves could evolve towards spontaneous development of hypothyroidism.

What term refers to the likely outcome or course of a disease in the future?

The prognosis is a prediction of the course of a disease following its onset. It refers to the possible outcomes of a disease (e.g. death, chance of recovery, recurrence) and the frequency with which these outcomes can be expected to occur.

What is the course of disease?

The course of a disease, also called its natural history, refers to the development of the disease in a patient, including the sequence and speed of the stages and forms they take.

What is prognosis and diagnosis?

Since time is of the essence: diagnosis is used to identify a present disease, illness, problem, etc., by examination and observation (of signs and symptoms); prognosis refers to predicting the course of the diagnosed disease, illness, problem, etc., and determining treatment and outcome.

What is a prognosis in healthcare?

Classically, prognosis is defined as a forecast or prediction. Medically, prognosis may be defined as the prospect of recovering from injury or disease, or a prediction or forecast of the course and outcome of a medical condition. As such, prognosis may vary according to injury, disease, age, sex, race and treatment.

Which term means the study of the causes of disease?

Epidemiology is the method used to find the causes of health outcomes and diseases in populations.

What does course of treatment mean?

(kors ... TREET-ment) A treatment plan made up of several cycles of treatment. For example, treatment given for one week followed by three weeks of rest (no treatment) is one treatment cycle. When a treatment cycle is repeated multiple times on a regular schedule, it makes up a course of treatment.

What is a projected prognosis?

The term prognosis refers to making an educated guess about the expected outcome of any kind of health treatment, including mental health, in essence making a prediction of the process an individual may have to go through in order to heal, and the extent of healing expected to take place.Jul 16, 2021

What is prognosis in case study?

At the level of the individual, a prognosis provides the practitioner and patient with critical information, including the patient's expected future health status, likely response to intervention, and likely duration of treatment.Nov 1, 2007

What is a prognosis example?

A prognosis is their educated prediction of the course of the disease and how a person may recover. For example, a cancer prognosis depends on multiple factors, such as the type of cancer and its stage.Nov 29, 2021

What does likely mean in medical terms?

prob·a·bil·i·ty (P), (prob'ă-bil'i-tē), 1. A measure, ranging from 0 to 1, of the likelihood of truth of a hypothesis or statement. 2.

What are the prognosis levels?

A prognosis may be described as excellent, good, fair, poor, or even hopeless. Prognosis for a disease or condition is largely dependent on the risk factors and indicators that are present in the patient.

What is your prognosis?

Byock: Prognosis is a term for the predicted course of a disease. People commonly use the word to refer to an individual's life expectancy, how long the person is likely to live.Aug 14, 2014

What is the burden of disease?

Burden of Disease: Impact of a health outcome or disease on a population. Case Definition: Set of criteria for determining if a person has a particular disease or other health condition. Chain of Infection: Links of infection from person to person.

What is epidemiological model?

Epidemiological Model: Mathematical representation that predicts where, how long, and how far a disease will spread. Exposure: Contact with a something that causes illness. In the case of an infectious disease, this represents interaction with a human, animal, or environment from which the pathogen can be transmitted.

Why is contact tracing important?

Contact tracing is used to prevent and control many other infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and HIV.

What is date gathered from surveillance?

Date gathered from surveillance are also used to create epidemiological models to predict where, how long, and how far COVID-19 will spread. Date gathered from surveillance are also used to create epidemiological models to predict where, how long, and how far COVID-19 will spread. But surveillance isn’t just about counting cases. ...

Why is data visualization important?

Once scientists collect and analyze the data, experts in data visualization help to create pictures, charts, and graphics to make the information easier to understand and use. This information is not only helpful for scientists working to understand the information but also for the public.

What factors are associated with a low remission rate?

Factors associated with a low remission rate as suggested in many but not all studies, are male sex, young age (<40 years), smoking, severe hyperthyroidism, high concentrations of thyrotropin binding inhibitory immunoglobulins (TBIIs), large goiter size, and the presence of GO [21,22].

What is a grade 0 thyroid?

aWorld Health Organization grade 0=thyroid not or distinctly palpable; grade I=thyroid easily palpable and visible with head in normal or raised position; grade II=thyroid easily visible with head in normal position; grade III=goitre visible at a distance. First course of antithyroid drugs.

Can Graves' hyperthyroidism be cured?

Whether or not Graves' hyperthyroidism can be cured, depends on the definition of ‘cure.’. If cure is defined as just disappearance of thyroid hormone excess, then cure is possible in almost all cases by either Tx, RAI, or ATD.

Is Graves' disease rare?

Graves' hyperthyroidism is the most common phenotype of Graves' disease; the other phenotypes Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and Graves' dermopathy (local myedema) are relatively rare and not taken into consideration in the following discussion on cure. The natural history of Graves' hyperthyroidism is not well known.

Is RAI effective for Graves disease?

American Thyroid Association (ATA) guidelines stipulate the goal of RAI therapy (like that of surgery) in Graves' disease is to control hyperthyroidism by rendering the patient hypothyroid [5]. RAI is very effective provided a sufficient radiation dose is delivered in the thyroid.

Can 131I be used to cure hyperthyroidism?

If eradication of thyroid hormone excess suffices for the label “cure,” then all patients can be cured because total thyroidectomy or high doses of 131I will abolish hyperthyroidism albeit at the expense of creating another disease ( hypothyroidism ) requiring lifelong medication with levothyroxine.

Why should the study population include all those with a disease in a defined population?

Other features include: 2. To ensure an unbiased sample, the study population should include all those with a disease in a defined population, for example all those on a disease register. Patients should all be followed up from the same defined point in the disease course to ensure a precise estimate of prognosis.

What are the conditions associated with the outcome?

Conditions associated with the outcome are identified; these are known as prognostic factors. Prognostic factors are similar to risk factors in conventional cohort studies, but they may occur at a different stage on the disease spectrum: risk factors are present before the development of a disease, whereas prognostic factors may ...

What is the difference between prognostic factors and risk factors?

There are several other important differences between prognostic factors and risk factors: 2. Study patients are different – in prognostic studies, they have already developed the disease of interest. Risk and prognosis describe different outcomes – the onset of disease versus a range of disease consequences.

Why are prognostic studies important?

A more accurate prediction of disease outcomes facilitates patient education and counseling. Prognostic studies may also allow subgroups of patients to be defined who are at particular risk of specific disease outcomes, leading to improved study designs and analysis of clinical trials through risk stratification.

What are Laupacis and colleagues' recommendations for reviewing prognostic studies?

They suggest that readers should ask a series of questions to determine whether the results are valid, how they should be interpreted, and whether the information will benefit patients. The questions include:

What is the prognosis of a disease?

The prognosis is a prediction of the course of a disease following its onset. It refers to the possible outcomes of a disease (e.g. death, chance of recovery, recurrence) and the frequency with which these outcomes can be expected to occur. Sometimes the characteristics of a particular patient can be used to more accurately predict ...

What is risk and prognosis?

Risk and prognosis describe different outcomes – the onset of disease versus a range of disease consequences. Variables associated with an increased risk of developing a disease are not necessarily the same as those that indicate a worse prognosis or outcome.

What is the hallmark feature of an analytic epidemiologic study?

The hallmark feature of an analytic epidemiologic study is: (Choose one best answer) Use of an appropriate comparison group. Laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis. Publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

What is the epidemiologic triad of disease causation?

It is synonymous with survey. The epidemiologic triad of disease causation refers to: (Choose one best answer) Agent, host, environment.

What is public health surveillance?

Public health surveillance includes which of the following activities: Diagnosing whether a case of encephalitis is actually due to West Nile virus infection. Soliciting case reports of persons with symptoms compatible with SARs from local hospitals.

How does a cohort study differ from a case control study?

A cohort study differs from a case-control study in that: Subjects are enrolled or categorized on the basis of their exposure status in a cohort study but not in a case-control study. Subjects are asked about their exposure status in a cohort study but not in a case-control study.

What is a specific case?

A specific case definition is one that: Is likely to include only (or mostly) true cases. Is considered “loose” or “broad”. Will include more cases than a sensitive case definition. May exclude mild cases. Comparing numbers and rates of illness in a community, rates are preferred for: (Choose one best answer)

Why is John Snow's investigation of cholera considered a model for epidemiologic field investigations?

John Snow’s investigation of cholera is considered a model for epidemiologic field investigations because it included a: Biologically plausible hypothesis. Comparison of a health outcome among exposed and unexposed groups . Multivariate statistical model. Spot map. Recommendation for public health action.

Do case control studies require years?

Cohort studies require many years to conduct, but case-control studies do not . Cohort studies are conducted to investigate chronic diseases, case-control studies are used for infectious diseases. A key feature of a cross-sectional study is that: It usually provides information on prevalence rather than incidence.

What are the factors that affect anxiety?

Studies of other anxiety disorders and depression suggest that the course and outcome of the disorder may be influenced by certain factors such as stressful life events, anxiety sensitivity/negative affect, gender, subsyndromal symptoms, and comorbid disorders.

Is GAD a long term disorder?

Although generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common disorder associated with significant levels of morbidity, little is known of its long-term course and outcomes.

Is GAD a chronic disorder?

Although generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common disorder associated with significant levels of morbidity, little is known of its long-term course and outcomes. During the first 5 years, GAD follows a chronic course with low rates of remission and moderate rates of relapse/recurrence following remission.

What is the term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease?

Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed. Prognosis ( Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, ...

Why does the prognosis of each patient not apply to the prognosis for each individual patient?

This statistical information does not apply to the prognosis for each individual patient, because patient-specific factors can substantially change the expected course of the disease: additional information is needed to determine whether a patient belongs to the 45% who will die, or to the 55% who survive.

What is Manchester score?

Prognostic scoring is also used for cancer outcome predictions. A Manchester score is an indicator of prognosis for small-cell lung cancer. For Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, physicians have developed the International Prognostic Index to predict patient outcome.

What is the prognostic indicator for myocardial infarction?

Other medical areas where prognostic indicators are used is in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) ( Hy's law) and use of an exercise stress test as a prognostic indicator after myocardial infarction, also use to indicator multiple myeloma survive rate.

What is a prognosis?

A prognosis is made on the basis of the normal course of the diagnosed disease, the individual's physical and mental condition, the available treatments, and additional factors. A complete prognosis includes the expected duration, function, and description of the course of the disease, such as progressive decline, intermittent crisis, or sudden, ...

What is the survival rate?

Survival rate - indicating the percentage of people in a study or treatment group who are alive for a given period of time after diagnosis. Survival time - the remaining duration of life. If not otherwise specified, it generally starts from the time of diagnosis.

When was the first book of prognostics written?

One of the earliest written works of medicine is the Book of Prognostics of Hippocrates, written around 400 BC. This work opens with the following statement: "It appears to me a most excellent thing for the physician to cultivate Prognosis; for by foreseeing and foretelling, in the presence of the sick, the present, the past, and the future, and explaining the omissions which patients have been guilty of, he will be the more readily believed to be acquainted with the circumstances of the sick; so that men will have confidence to intrust themselves to such a physician."

How many diabetics die from coma?

Diabetic coma has almost disappeared as cause of death. Today, approximately 75% of diabetics die from vascular complications, mainly from coronary heart disease. The coronaries are affected with same frequency in diabetic males and females.

Is overt diabetes higher in females or males?

The frequency of overt diabetes is higher in females than in males. Mean life expectancy amounts to about 70%, compared with the whole population. Mean survival …. In potential diabetics, environmental factors, especially overweight, appear to be more significant for the prognosis than genetic factors. The frequency of overt diabetes is higher in ...

What is the name of the disease where the immune system has difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds?

Chronic granulomatous disease: Also known as CGD, is a diverse group of genetic diseases in which certain cells of the immune system have difficulty forming the reactive oxygen compounds (most importantly, the superoxide radical) used to kill certain ingested pathogens.

What are the stages of disease development?

Learning Objectives. Outline the stages of disease: incubation, prodromal, acute and convalescence periods.

What is the difference between incubation and latent period?

While the term latency period is used as synonymous, a distinction is sometimes made between incubation period, the period between infection and clinical onset of the disease, and latent period, the time from infection to infectiousness. Whichever is shorter depends on the disease.

What is the season of influenza?

Global map of Seasonal Influenza: Seasonal risk areas: November–April (blue), April–November (red), and year-round (yellow) Overall health is a very important factor in preventing disease.

What is the most common infectious agent?

The most common infectious agent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Another example is chronic granulomatous disease which directly affects the ability of the host immune system to fight invaders. Climate and weather, and other environmental factors that are affected by them, can also predispose people to infectious agents.

What causes mucus to form in the lungs?

Genetics is another contributing factor. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that causes alteration of the mucus in the lungs. This predisposes patients to chronic infections with bacteria which form biofilms in the lungs. The most common infectious agent is Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Why is epidemiology important?

In most cases, microorganisms live in harmony with their hosts via mutual or commensal interactions. Diseases can emerge when existing parasites become pathogenic or when new pathogenic parasites enter a new host.