The poor tended to move toward the center of the cities in order to be nearer the workplace. Immigration into the United States in the second half of the nineteenth century; who came, why they came, and where they settled. 1860-1890: prospect of a better life attracted nearly 10 million northern European immigrants to the East Coast ...
Why cities grew rapidly between 1860 and 1900. improved transportation allowed for an easier commute to work. The poor still needed to live near the center of the cities of the cities because that is where the factories were. How improved transportation changed the layout of cities and who lived where.
The rich tended to migrate away from the city with all the smog and pollution.
The urban design ideas of Frederick law Olmsted, Calvert Vaux, Richard Morris Hunt, Louis Sullivan, and the city-beautiful movement. ... The movement toward centralized municipal administration, annexation, and consolidation; what these were and why they occurred.
And they do so for good reasons. Those who leave their village hope to leave behind extreme poverty ; high infant mortality rates and complete darkness from six in the evening to six in the morning. For millions of people in the countryside of the Global South, slums hold a promise. Ndirande, Malawi. Exploring the Slum.
Yet they deliberately chose to live right here. ‘People in Ndirande are not poor because the slum makes them poor’ , tour guide Saulos Jali explains to his visitors. ‘People want to live in Ndirande because they are poor. They expect to find a better life here than in the villages where they come from.’.
Within fifteen years, the majority of Africans may live in cities. By then, these cities will mainly consist of slums. Out of the ten billion people who will inhabit the world in 2050, about three billion will be slum dwellers. Today that number is still one billion.
She picked up stories about street lights, the opportunities to make money and the chance to send children to school. At that time it was hard for her to imagine how life would be outside her village.
Some rural dwellers in the Global South are increasingly viewing slums as a way to improve their lives, says Ralf Bodelier. Many may think life in a slum is miserable. And they are right. Slums are pathetic. They are dirty, overcrowded and dangerous. Even slum residents themselves also think there is an awful lot to improve.
The living conditions in the unplanned slums in the surroundings of Peshawar City may be very unhygienic and congested. It is therefore required to study the present condition of water, Sanitation and hygiene. If these problems were not identified or ignored, it is expected that these problems will be aggravated further and may results health and other environmental problems. Most of the dwellers in these slums are poor and migrants. These People are compelled to live in these areas and may not be in position to afford basic facilities like clean water, proper sanitation and other infrastructure facilities &municipal services.
Recognizing that globalization is a multifaceted phenomenon, we disaggregate globalization into three conventional sub-dimensions – economic globalization, political globalization, and social globalization – and propose the hypotheses that economic globalization is likely to increase slum prevalence while political and social globalizations are likely to reduce it. To test the hypotheses, we utilize the cross-national dataset on urban slum population in developing countries assembled by the UN-Habitat and the KOF globalization index, the most commonly used dataset of globalization. We report strong empirical support for our hypotheses: political and social globalizations indeed reduce urban slum populations but economic globalization increases urban slum populations. The findings suggest that diverse aspects of globalization should be considered regarding slum prevalence in developing countries.
In low- and middle-income countries, a common component of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions is the goal of empowerment of beneficiaries, particularly poor households . Empowerment is viewed as an important development goal in itself, as well as a way to obtain improved WASH outcomes. However, empowerment is a complex and multi-dimensional concept, and it is often not clear how it is defined in WASH sector programming. This scoping review explores how concepts of empowerment have been used in the WASH sector and delineates relevant empowerment dimensions. Medline, Embase, and Global Health databases were searched for in the peer-reviewed literature published in English. A total of 13 studies were identified. Five major interrelated empowerment dimensions were identified: access to information, participation, capacity building, leadership and accountability, and decision-making. This review provides researchers and practitioners with a greater understanding of dimensions of empowerment that are relevant for strengthening WASH interventions, as well as tracking progress toward gender and social equality outcomes over time. This understanding can help ensure inclusive WASH service delivery to achieve gender-sensitive Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) targets for universal water and sanitation access. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
The debate in the conventional literature on the nexus between housing improvement for slum dwellers and their economic well-being remains unsettled. The purpose of this study is to clarify the debate with insights from an upgraded housing facility in Old Tulaku, Ashaiman, Ghana. The study used a quasi-experimental research design. Primary data were obtained through face-to- face interviews with 16 beneficiaries of the housing facility who were members of the Ghana Fed- eration of the Urban Poor, as well as 94 non-beneficiaries (47 federation members who were not beneficiaries and 47 non-federation members). Supplementary data were obtained from the three groups through three separately held focus-group discussions and key informant inter- views. The results of the study indicated that the facility’s mixed-use design (i.e., commercial uses are integrated into the residential facility) has provided employment opportunities for a portion of the beneficiaries. Through skills transfer and income savings, these artisans are now able to venture into other businesses. However, the results also indicated that the upgraded facility has not improved the monetary welfare of beneficiaries, although they are able to accommodate their basic needs. Generally, the results showed that the upgraded facility has not had any signif- icant negative effects on the economic well-being of beneficiaries. Therefore, based on the in- sights from Old Tulaku, the study concludes that slum housing improvement is a means of improv- ing the economic well-being of beneficiaries.
Informal settlement upgrading is widely recognized for enhancing shelter and promoting economic development , yet its potential to improve health equity is usually overlooked. Almost one in seven people on the planet are expected to reside in urban informal settlements, or slums, by 2030. Slum upgrading is the process of delivering place-based environmental and social improvements to the urban poor, including land tenure, housing, infrastructure, employment, health services and political and social inclusion. The processes and products of slum upgrading can address multiple environmental determinants of health. This paper reviewed urban slum upgrading evaluations from cities across Asia, Africa and Latin America and found that few captured the multiple health benefits of upgrading. With the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) focused on improving well-being for billions of city-dwellers, slum upgrading should be viewed as a key strategy to promote health, equitable development and reduce climate change vulnerabilities. We conclude with suggestions for how slum upgrading might more explicitly capture its health benefits, such as through the use of health impact assessment (HIA) and adopting an urban health in all policies (HiAP) framework. Urban slum upgrading must be more explicitly designed, implemented and evaluated to capture its multiple global environmental health benefits.
Sodom and Gomorrah is a city slum located in the heart of Accra, Ghana. Like other slums, it lacks basic amenities necessary for dwellers’ quality of life. This study describes residents’ access to health and factors associated with the use of healthcare facilities. Methods Questionnaires were administered in systematically selected shacks across the entire slum. Data on demographic characteristics, existent health facilities and number of users, health-insured residents and knowledge of common diseases were collected. Results Majority of the residents were from the northern parts of Ghana, relative to the south and a few of them come from other parts of West Africa. Seventy-one percent of residents had never visited a health facility in the last 5 years. When necessary, they access health care from drug stores (61.1%) or hospitals (33.1%). Residents’ age, educational status, income, health knowledge and membership of National Health Insurance Scheme were significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the use of healthcare facilities. Younger residents and those without National Health Insurance Scheme membership, formal education, no knowledge of common illnesses and regular income were significantly less likely to use a healthcare facility. For most residents, neither distance (73.2%) nor transportation to health facilities was a problem (74.1%). Conclusion Conditions of profound environmental hazards, overcrowding, poor-quality housing and lack of health care in Sodom and Gomorrah pose grave threats to the health of the inhabitants. Multisectoral interventions and resource mobilisation championed by the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development are needed to alter the trend.
A major challenge for sustainable urbanization policies and strategies is how to address the complexity of urbanization, especially the ongoing growth of informal settlements and slums in developing countries. It is acknowledged that those living their lives in such housing and settlements suffer greater levels of spatial, economic and social exclusion from the benefits of urbanization that other segments of the urban population. Using a case study approach, this paper examines the range of challenges associated with the growth of informal settlements and slums, seeking to understand how they are positioned via upgrading policies in city urbanization plans and strategies in Indonesia's third largest city, Bandung. The research finds that there has been a shift in kampung and slum upgrading policy from in-situ solutions to vertical housing towers which appear incompatible in accommodating the way of life practiced in kampung adaptive urbanism contexts. The manner in which city governments manage informal settlements and slums by seeking to reshape and restructure the lifestyles of residents to align with formal market measures has a major impact on existing disadvantaged communities. The paper concludes with a call for greater leadership, political commitment and recognition of contextual responses when developing slum upgrading policies set within urbanization policies and strategies branded as sustainable.
Nairobi's vast Kibera settlement - coming from the Nubian for forest or jungle - is described as Africa's largest slum and comprises more than a dozen villages from Soweto East to Kianda.
In Cape Town, the shanty towns of Khayelitsha stretch for miles, a grim brown sea of ramshackle wood and iron shacks that confront visitors arriving at the airport but are out of view of the city's glass towers or the leafy suburbs on nearby hills.
Across the world in Pakistan, Orangi Town in the port city of Karachi is believed home to around 2.4 million people although nobody knows exactly as the last census was in 1998.
Jose Castillo, an urban planner and architect in Mexico City, says that Ciudad Neza, home to 1.2 million people, should serve as a model for other blighted urban areas and slums.
Due to population growth and the migration trend from rural areas to cities, these slums are clearly here to stay.
Today, by the most conservative estimates, about 900 million people live in slums. But most experts agree that including different types of informal settlements, the number goes up to 1.6 billion – which represents 1/4 of the world’s urban population.
In the Khayelitsha slum of Cape Town, one toilet is shared by five families on average. Most people use open fields or bushes to do their business, which contributes to the spread of diseases like cholera within communities. It’s also the best place for criminals to attack.
In Neza, Mexico, the community has banded together to fight for land rights and better housing.
Most people living in informal settlements worldwide do not have security of tenure or land rights. “There was no evidence of ownership like a land title. We slum dwellers should be considered before being evicted.”. In Neza, Mexico, the community has banded together to fight for land rights and better housing.