The time course of a drugs action depends on How the drug is administered, How rapidly the drug is absorbed, How the drug is eliminated from the body, All of the above Of the following routes of administration, which will produce fastest onset of effects Inhalation
a. Expectancy effects are most prominent with prescribed behaviors, such as aggression b. Expectancies may be more influential than a drug's pharmacological action
Expectancies may be more influential than a drug's pharmacological action d. The same sensation produced by a drug may be interpreted either positively or negatively depending on the user's expectancies. drug.
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-The oral route of administration produces the fastest onset of effects.
Introduction. The duration of action of a drug is known as its half life. This is the period of time required for the concentration or amount of drug in the body to be reduced by one-half. We usually consider the half life of a drug in relation to the amount of the drug in plasma.
Nausea and abdominal pain, which can also lead to changes in appetite and weight loss. Increased strain on the liver, which puts the person at risk of significant liver damage or liver failure. Seizures, stroke, mental confusion and brain damage. Lung disease.
All psychoactive drugs, synthetic or natural, affect the brain by interacting with receptors of neurotransmitters that are present in the brain.
Drug absorption depends on the lipid solubility of the drug, its formulation and the route of administration. A drug needs to be lipid soluble to penetrate membranes unless there is an active transport system or it is so small that it can pass through the aqueous channels in the membrane.
There are two factors that affect the elimination half-life of a drug, which include its clearance and volume of distribution. The clearance of the drug (CL) refers to the rate at which the body eliminates the drug from the body.
The social consequences of addiction are usually the most talked about. Dropping out of school, job loss, hospitalizations, legal problems (DUI, possession charges, etc.), jail time, troubled relationships, and being the perpetrator or victim of any kind of abuse–all of these are social consequences of drug addiction.
Drug abuse also plays a role in many major social problems, such as drugged driving, violence, stress, and child abuse. Drug abuse can lead to homelessness, crime, and missed work or problems with keeping a job. It harms unborn babies and destroys families. There are different types of treatment for drug abuse.
Examples of drug misuse include taking more than the prescribed amount of a drug, taking drugs with the wrong foods or at the wrong time of day, and not taking a drug for the correct period of time.
Some psychoactive drugs have a chemical structure similar to a neurotransmitter and so bind to receptors for that neurotransmitter in postsynaptic membranes. They block the receptors, preventing the neurotransmitter from having its usual effect.
Drug response can be impacted by several factors including diet, comorbidities, age, weight, drug–drug interactions, and genetics. Individual genetic variation in key genes involved in the metabolism, transport, or drug target can contribute to risk of adverse events108 or treatment failure.
Mechanisms of Action Psychoactive drugs generally produce their effects by affecting brain chemistry, which in turn may cause changes in a person's mood, thinking, perception, and/or behavior. Each drug tends to have a specific action on one or more neurotransmitters or neurotransmitter receptors in the brain.
The drug effect is the quantifiable change in disease processes that result from the pharmacological or physical properties of an active treatment—often a medication.
In medicine, describes the interaction of two or more drugs when their combined effect is greater than the sum of the effects seen when each drug is given alone.
Pharmacology Overview Pharmacology is the study of how a drug affects a biological system and how the body responds to the drug. The discipline encompasses the sources, chemical properties, biological effects and therapeutic uses of drugs.
GENERIC AND BRAND NAMES Many drugs are also known by a brand or trade name chosen by the pharmaceutical company making and selling that drug as a medicine. So, for example, the drug infliximab (generic name) is also known as Remicade (brand name). Some drugs are sold in a generic form as well as in a branded form.
1) drug disposition tolerance. -use of the drug increases a drugs rate of metabolism or excretion, requiring a greater dose to obtain the same result.
Intravenous. pros: short onset of action, can deliver irritating material since blood vessel walls are relatively insensitive. cons: vein walls can loose elasticity over time and eventually collapse, can introduce infection into the blood stream. Oral.
The placebo effect is an effect that does not depend on the presence of a specific chemical in the system. Double blind procedures and dose effect curves are two ways of demonstrating specific drug effects.
Marijuana. Nonspecific effects of taking a drug are those that do not depend on its chemical activity. They are sometimes referred to as. Placebo effects. When neither the person taking the drug nor the person evaluating ...
Toxic doses will typically be larger than therapeutic doses . With increasing doses of any useful drug, there is usually an increase in the number and severity of. Side effects. The potency of a drug is defined in terms of. The amount required to produce an effect. The time course of a drugs action depends on.