which consequence has not been asserted as resulting from sleep deprivation course hero

What are the effects of sleep deprivation and sleep deficiency?

The effects of sleep deprivation and sleep deficiency can be serious and far-reaching. Acute sleep deprivation raises the risk of unintentional errors and accidents. Drowsy driving, which involves slowed reaction time and the risk of microsleeps, can be life-threatening.

Is total sleep deprivation a useful paradigm for studying the Neurocognitive effects?

Although total sleep deprivation is a useful experimental paradigm for studying the neurocognitive effects of sleep deprivation, in reality it is a much less representative form of sleep loss than chronic partial sleep restriction.

What is the relationship between sleep deprivation and motor vehicle accidents?

Both acute total sleep deprivation and chronic partial sleep deprivation can produce a high rate of lapsing that ultimately progresses to full and sustained sleep onset during goal-directed behavior (e.g., motor vehicle operation).8,41

How does sleep deprivation affect reaction time?

Another study used event-related fMRI and measured brain activity using the Psychomotor Vigilance Test after a normal night of sleep and after 36 hours of total sleep deprivation.130Faster reaction times were related to increased activation within a sustained attention cortical network and subcortical arousal and motor systems.

What happens if you don't sleep?

Without enough sleep, your brain and body systems won’t function normally. It can also dramatically lower your quality of life.

Why does the body need sleep?

Your body needs sleep, just as it needs air and food to function at its best. During sleep, your body heals itself and restores its chemical balance. Your brain forges new thought connections and helps memory retention. Without enough sleep, your brain and body systems won’t function normally.

What are the different types of sleep disorders?

The following are some of the most common types of sleep disorders: 1 obstructive sleep apnea 2 narcolepsy 3 restless leg syndrome 4 insomnia 5 circadian rhythm disorders

What is the relationship between sleep and respiratory system?

The relationship between sleep and the respiratory system goes both ways. A nighttime breathing disorder called obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) can interrupt your sleep and lower sleep quality.

How does sleep affect your mental health?

The signals your body sends may also be delayed, decreasing your coordination and increasing your risk for accidents. Sleep deprivation also negatively affects your mental abilities and emotional state. You may feel more impatient or prone to mood swings. It can also compromise decision-making processes and creativity.

Why does sleep deprivation cause weight gain?

Over time, reduced physical activity can make you gain weight because you’re not burning enough calories and not building muscle mass. Sleep deprivation also causes your body to release less insulin after you eat. Insulin helps to reduce your blood sugar (glucose) level.

How does sleep affect appetite?

Sleep affects the levels of two hormones, leptin and ghrelin, which control feelings of hunger and fullness. Leptin tells your brain that you’ve had enough to eat. Without enough sleep, your brain reduces leptin and raises ghrelin, which is an appetite stimulant.

What Are the Consequences of Sleep Deprivation?

The effects of sleep deprivation and sleep deficiency can be serious and far-reaching.

What Is Sleep Deprivation?

The term sleep deprivation refers to getting less than the needed amount of sleep, which, for adults, ranges from seven to nine hours 2 of sleep per night. Children and teens need even more nightly sleep than adults.

How Is Sleep Deprivation Diagnosed?

Doctors can often diagnose sleep deprivation by discussing a patient’s symptoms and sleep patterns. This may involve reviewing a sleep diary or taking a sleep questionnaire that offers a detailed look at sleep patterns and daytime symptoms.

What is chronic sleep deficiency?

Chronic sleep deficiency or insufficient sleep can describe ongoing sleep deprivation as well as poor sleep that occurs because of sleep fragmentation or other disruptions.

What is the term for a short period of time when a person has a significant reduction in their sleep time?

Acute sleep deprivation refers to a short period, usually a few days or less, when a person has a significant reduction in their sleep time.

How does lack of sleep affect mental health?

Lack of sleep directly affects how we think and feel. While the short-term impacts are more noticeable, chronic sleep deprivation can heighten the long-term risk of physical and mental health problems. To avoid these problems, it’s important to avoid sleep deprivation. Understanding this condition, including its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, ...

Why do people with insomnia have trouble sleeping?

People with insomnia have trouble sleeping even when they have plenty of time to sleep. On the other hand, people with sleep deprivation don’t have enough time allocated for sleep as a result of behavior choices or everyday obligations.

How does sleep deprivation affect sleep propensity?

Sleep deprivation increases sleep propensity, measured using polysomnography, as a reduction in the latency to sleep onset,42as well as by shortening of the latencies from lighter stages of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep to deeper slow wave thalamocortical oscillations.43For example, after a night without sleep, the daytime sleep latency of a healthy adult decreases, by an order of magnitude, to less than a minute or two on average, and the subsequent latency from sleep onset to slow wave sleep is halved.43The Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT) standardized sleep latency as a physiologic measure of sleepiness.42,44MSLT results may vary for many reasons, including prior sleep efficiency, prior sleep time, drug effects, physical activity, and posture.45,46The Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT), a variant of the MSLT, also uses sleep latency to measure sleep propensity, but requires subjects to remain awake (resist sleep) rather than fall asleep.47Like the MSLT, the MWT shows reduced sleep latency in response to sleep deprivation. Thus, whether attempting to fall asleep or resist sleep, the latency from waking to sleeping is significantly reduced by sleep deprivation.

How does sleep instability affect cognitive performance?

Wake state instability occurs when sleep-initiating mechanisms repeatedly interfere with wakefulness, depending on the severity of sleep deprivation, making cognitive performance increasingly variable and dependent on compensatory mechanisms.53,54The ability of the sleep-deprived subject to engage in motivated behavior (e.g., walking) to compensate for or mask the cognitive effects of sleep loss is well recognized.55,56However, such a compensatory effort to resist sleep ultimately cannot prevent intrusions of sleep initiation into wakefulness. In addition to reports of sleep-deprived subjects “semi-dreaming” (likely hypnagogic reverie) while engaged in verbal cognitive tasks,57,58first-person reports exist of healthy sleep-deprived people falling asleep while ambulating in dangerous environments.59Thus, state instability evident in the cognitive performance and biobehavioral signs (e.g., slow eyelid closures60–64) of sleep-deprived subjects, as reflected by the occurrence of microsleeps or sleep attacks, is directly related to increased variability in cognitive performance. The concomitant increase in errors of commission can also reflect an increased compensatory effort to resist sleep (i.e., trying to stop lapses by overresponding). Both cognitive errors of omission and of commission during sleep loss increase with time on task.

How does sleep affect the economy?

Sleep deprivation increases the risk of human-error-related accidents,8with such accidents estimated to have an annual economic impact of $43 to $56 billion. 9Motor vehicle accidents related to fatigue, drowsy driving, and falling asleep at the wheel are particularly common, but often underestimated.10,11Increased time awake, nocturnal circadian phase, reduced sleep duration, prolonged driving duration, and use of soporific medications all contribute to the occurrence of drowsy-driving-related and fatigue-related motor vehicle crashes.6,12,13Moreover, studies of shift-workers,14–16truck drivers,17–19medical residents,20–22and airline pilots23–26all show an increased risk of crashes or near misses due to sleep deprivation in these populations.

What is the difference between lapse and state instability?

The difference between the lapse hypothesis and the state instability hypothesis is in the explanation for the variability in cognitive performance during sleep deprivation. The lapse hypothesis posits that cognitive performance during sleep deprivation is essentially “normal” until it becomes disrupted by lapses or brief periods of low arousal.51By contrast, the state instability hypothesis40posits that responses between lapses can also slow and get worse with time on task, that errors of commission (wrong responses) can comingle with errors of omission (lapses), and that variability in neurocognitive performance (more so than changes in average performance) increases as homeostatic sleep-initiating mechanisms become progressively more upregulated with sleep loss.8,41Thus, the brain’s capacity to maintain alertness is hindered by the activation of sleep processes.

How does sleep affect motor vehicle performance?

Sleepiness-related motor vehicle crashes have fatality rates and injury severity levels similar to alcohol-related crashes. 6In addition, sleep deprivation produces psychomotor impairments equivalent to those induced by alcohol consumption at or above the legal limit.27For example, in a study of simulated driving performance, impairments in lane-keeping ability after a night without sleep were equivalent to those observed at a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.07%.28Similarly, a study of professional truck drivers found that deficits in performance accuracy and reaction time after 28 hours of sleep deprivation were equivalent to those found after alcohol intoxication (BAC at 0.1%).29Thus, it appears that as continuous daytime waking exceeds 16 hours, psychomotor performance deficits increase to levels equivalent to BAC levels between 0.05% and 0.1%.27,29

How does sleep affect cognitive function?

Cognitive functions particularly affected by sleep loss include psychomotor and cognitive speed, vigilant and executive attention, working memory, and higher cognitive abilities. Chronic sleep-restriction experiments—which model the kind of sleep loss experienced by many individuals with sleep fragmentation and premature sleep curtailment due to disorders and lifestyle—demonstrate that cognitive deficits accumulate to severe levels over time without full awareness by the affected individual. Functional neuroimaging has revealed that frequent and progressively longer cognitive lapses, which are a hallmark of sleep deprivation, involve distributed changes in brain regions including frontal and parietal control areas, secondary sensory processing areas, and thalamic areas. There are robust differences among individuals in the degree of their cognitive vulnerability to sleep loss that may involve differences in prefrontal and parietal cortices, and that may have a basis in genes regulating sleep homeostasis and circadian rhythms. Thus, cognitive deficits believed to be a function of the severity of clinical sleep disturbance may be a product of genetic alleles associated with differential cognitive vulnerability to sleep loss.

What is growing neglect of activities judged to be nonessential?

Growing neglect of activities judged to be nonessential (loss of situational awareness) occurs.

What chapter is sleep deprivation?

Start studying Psychology Chapter 5 - Sleep Deprivation. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools.

What is sleep deficiency?

A sleep deficiency caused by one not getting the amount of sleep needed for optimal functioning.

What are the factors that affect sleep quality?

It also depends on numerous factors, including age, what type(s) of sleep has been missed, and genetic make-up.

What is selective deprivation?

Selective deprivation: a particular stage of sleep is lost (mainly due to a disorder)

Can you go without sleep for 24 hours?

Going without sleep for an entire 24 hour period may not cause to much harm, extended over several days however can cause serious physiological and psychological harm.

Does sleep deprivation affect complex tasks?

Sleep deprivation does not often impact completion of complex or challenging tasks, but makes simple tasks a lot more difficult.

How many hours of sleep do you need to be sleep deprived?

If someone requires 9 hours of sleep to feel rested, it is possible to become sleep deprived by getting 8 hours of sleep. Most of the physical side effects from sleep deprivation are relatively minor and, thankfully, easily reversible.

How long does it take to get sleep deprived?

This can occur over one night or stretch over weeks, months, or even years. If someone requires 9 hours of sleep to feel rested, it is possible to become sleep deprived by getting 8 hours of sleep.

How much sleep do I need to be able to sleep?

Ensure that you are meeting your sleep needs. The average adult needs 7 to 9 hours of sleep per night to feel rested. Older adults, beyond the age of 65, may only need 7 to 8 hours of sleep per night on average. Beyond the number of hours, quality is also important. Sleep apnea and other disorders can compromise sleep quality. Speak with a board-certified sleep physician about the need for testing. If you struggle with difficulty falling or staying asleep, such as occurs with insomnia, consider participation in a cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) program that can help to alleviate the impacts of insomnia. Get the help that you need to ensure you avoid the physical effects of sleep deprivation .

How does sleep affect growth hormones?

Sleep deprivation can have significant and important effects on the secretion of hormones from endocrine glands, especially those that follow a circadian pattern. A classic example includes the effect of sleep loss or disruption in children and the impact on growth. Growth hormone is secreted during slow-wave sleep, which is more common in the early part of the night in children. When this sleep is disrupted, either through inadequate sleep or from disorders such as sleep apnea, the amount of growth hormone released is compromised. As a result, children may not reach their full growth potential, becoming shorter than they otherwise would have been.

What does sleep deprivation do to your eyes?

Sleep deprivation mimics the effects of drinking alcohol—you may experience slurred speech and uncontrolled reflexive movements of the eye called nystagmus.

How much sleep do you need to be a 65 year old?

Older adults, beyond the age of 65, may only need 7 to 8 hours of sleep per night on average. Beyond the number of hours, quality is also important. Sleep apnea and other disorders can compromise sleep quality. Speak with a board-certified sleep physician about the need for testing.

What to do if you have difficulty falling asleep?

If you struggle with difficulty falling or staying asleep, such as occurs with insomnia, consider participation in a cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBTI) program that can help to alleviate the impacts of insomnia.

What Is Sleep Deprivation?

Causes

Symptoms

What Are The Consequences of Sleep Deprivation?

• The effects of sleep deprivation and sleep deficiency can be serious and far-reaching. Acute sleep deprivation raises the risk of unintentional errors and accidents. Drowsy driving, which involves slowed reaction time and the risk of microsleeps, can be life-threatening. People who are sleep deprived are more likely to struggle in school and work s...

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Diagnosis

Treatment and Prevention