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Question 16 5 out of 5 points When can an institution be characterized as “extractive”? Answer Selected Answer: when the people with power over the institution use their position to direct any gains from it exclusively to themselves or their associates Correct Answer: when the people with power over the institution use their position to direct any gains from it exclusively to …
Does the Legado Histórico of an institution matter?
Sep 14, 2014 · Question 20 0 out of 5 points When can an institution be characterized as “extractive”? Answer Selected Answer: Correct Answer: when the people with power over the institution use their position to direct any gains from it …
Does institutional support matter for sustained economic development?
Jul 31, 2015 · Correct Answer: mass refugees Question 16 5 out of 5 points When can an institution be characterized as “extractive”? Answer Selected Answer: ... Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. ...
Is inclusive governance key to sustaining high levels of development?
Feb 06, 2016 · Question 19 5 out of 5 points When can an institution be characterized as “extractive”? Selected Answer: when the people with power over the institution use their position to direct any gains from it exclusively to themselves or their associates Correct Answer: when the people with power over the institution use their position to direct any gains from it …
What are accountability, transparency, participation, and inclusion?
Accountability, transparency, participation, and inclusion represent vital embodiments of the opening to politics that occurred in development work in the 1990s. They bridge three distinct practitioner communities that emerged from this new direction—those focusing on governance, on democracy, and on human rights.
Who is Thomas Carothers?
Thomas Carothers is interim president of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. He is a leading authority on international support for democracy, human rights, governance, the rule of law, and civil society.
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Introduction
If you are an unfamiliar visitor to an organization engaged in international development assistance and unsure of the reception you will receive, there is a surefire way to win over your hosts: tell them you believe that four key principles are crucial for development—accountability, transparency, participation, and inclu…
Bridging The Three Rivers of Politics in Development
- Accountability, transparency, participation, and inclusion have emerged as crucial aid priorities and principles as part of the broader opening of the door to politics in development work over the past twenty-five years. This opening was driven by a change in thinking about development that occurred at major aid institutions in the late 1980s—the realization that bad governance is often …
An Incomplete Bridge
- The apparent convergence among the governance, democracy, and human rights communities is striking. Yet general agreement on the importance of accountability, transparency, participation, and inclusion has not fully bridged the underlying divisions between these camps. Ask governance specialists at one of the multilateral development banks or major bilateral aid agenc…
One Agenda Or several?
- There is also disagreement over the extent to which the four principles actually constitute a unified agenda. Aid providers typically present them as such, grouping them together in policy documents as an apparently mutually reinforcing set. And these principles do share a certain common ground—all of them pertain to the interaction of states and their people, pointing towar…
The Problem of Superficial Application
- Another fissure arising in the application of the four principles centers on the actual depth of donor commitment to transparency, accountability, participation, and inclusion in programming and implementation. Despite their stated devotion to these principles, aid organizations sometimes treat them as boxes to be ticked rather than genuinely significant or even transform…
The Unsettled Intrinsic Case
- Beyond divisions among various practitioner communities and difficulties in implementation persists a broader debate about the appropriate role of the four principles in development work. The intrinsic case for making accountability, transparency, participation, and inclusion major pillars of development aid seems straightforward to enthusiasts of these principles: the four con…
Divisions Over The Instrumental Case
- Not only is the intrinsic case for the four concepts unsettled, so too is the instrumental one—the argument that building the four principles into development assistance will help produce better socioeconomic outcomes in aid-receiving countries. A limited and generally inconclusive evidence base to date exacerbates this problem. Despite the rapid increase of aid programming relating t…
The Larger Developmental Debate
- The debate over the evidence base for the four principles is rooted in the larger, often fierce debate about the overall relationship between governance regimes and economic development. In recent years this debate has focused extensively on whether a clear empirical case exists for the proposition that Western-style governance (which is seen as including the four principles as wel…
Uncertain Commitment to International Initiatives
- The apparent consensus around the four concepts extends to governments on all sides of the aid equation—donors and recipients alike. Part of the strong appeal of recent transnational initiatives that have taken up the four concepts—such as the Open Government Partnership, which now counts 65 member governments committed to improving government transparency—lies precis…
The Continuing Donor-Recipient Divide
- The four concepts also appear as a potential bridge across the donor-recipient divide in a second sense—they are not only widely embraced by aid organizations as programmatic principles and objectives, but have also been agreed on by both donor and recipient governments as a means to achieve greater aid effectiveness. Yet here too the consensus is less solid than the rhetoric may …
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