secondary structure. Created by the hydrogen bonding between components of the peptide-bonded back bone: hydrogen, carboxyl, or amino group when they interact with each other and cause hydrogen bonds (secondary structure) 2 possible secondary structures. A-helix and β- pleated sheet. Tertiary Structure.
simple changes in protein structure. a single change in the primary structure (sequence of amino acids) can cause radical changes in the way the protein as as whole behaves (normal hemoglobin vs mutated hemoglobin/sickle cell) (CTT vs CAT bases) secondary structure.
quaternary structure. primary structure. sequence of amino acids found in that specific protein; different per protein. for a protein made of 60 amino acids, the number of proteins possible is. 20^60 because they're 20 types of amino acids so 20 to the power of how many amino acids it is made up of.
RNA is different from DNA in: 1.) RNA is single stranded (DNA is double stranded) 2.) RNA contains Uracil instead of thymine (AU, GC) 3.) The sugar in RNA is ribose in comparison to deoxyribose in DNA (There is an OH on the 2' carbon) What RNA sequence would pair with this DNA sequence: 5' ATCGTAAGG 3'.
has two cell divisions, we start with one and end in four haploid gametes (these gametes are genetically different than the original cell). where in mitosis there is only one and end in 2.(genetically identical to the original cell) Fertilization.
This lead to the formation of central dogma... The sequence of bases in DNA specifies the sequence of bases in an RNA molecule which specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein. How do we move from one step of central dogma to the next. DNA is transcribed into RNA and RNA is translated into protein.
codon table. 1.) The code is redundant: all except 2 amino acids are coded by more than one codon. 2.) The code is unambiguous: each code never codes for more than one amino acid. 3.) The code is non-overlapping: once the ribosome locks onto the first codon, it then reads each separate codon one after the other. 4.)
The three dimensional shape or configuration of a molecule is an important characteristic. This shape is dependent on the preferred spatial orientation of covalent bonds to atoms having two or more bonding partners. Three dimensional configurations are best viewed with the aid of models.
However, the structures of some compounds and ions cannot be represented by a single formula. For example, sulfur dioxide (SO 2) and nitric acid (HNO 3) may each be described by two equivalent formulas (equations 1 & 2). For clarity the two ambiguous bonds to oxygen are given different colors in these formulas.
Structural Formulas#N#It is necessary to draw structural formulas for organic compounds because in most cases a molecular formula does not uniquely represent a single compound. Different compounds having the same molecular formula are called isomers, and the prevalence of organic isomers reflects the extraordinary versatility of carbon in forming strong bonds to itself and to other elements.#N#When the group of atoms that make up the molecules of different isomers are bonded together in fundamentally different ways, we refer to such compounds as constitutional isomers. There are seven constitutional isomers of C 4 H 10 O, and structural formulas for these are drawn in the following table. These formulas represent all known and possible C 4 H 10 O compounds, and display a common structural feature. There are no double or triple bonds and no rings in any of these structures.. Note that each of the carbon atoms is bonded to four other atoms, and is saturated with bonding partners.
To measure a torsion angle, do a double-click, single-click, single-click, double-click on four atoms. A pop-up menu of commands may be accessed by the right button on a PC or a control-click on a Mac while the cursor is inside the display frame. You may examine several Jmol models of compounds discussed above by .
This simple model is based on the fact that electrons repel each other, and that it is reasonable to expect that the bonds and non-bonding valence electron pairs associated with a given atom will prefer to be as far apart as possible.
Of course, it is the configuration of atoms (not electrons) that defines the the shape of a molecule, and in this sense ammonia is said to be pyramidal ( not tetrahedral). The compound boron trifluoride, BF 3, does not have non-bonding valence electrons and the configuration of its atoms is trigonal.
Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram ( HR diagram) is one of the most important tools in the study of stellar evolution. Developed independently in the early 1900s by Ejnar Hertzsprung and Henry Norris Russell, it plots the temperature of stars against their luminosity (the theoretical HR diagram), ...
The main sequence stretching from the upper left (hot, luminous stars) to the bottom right (cool, faint stars) dominates the HR diagram. It is here that stars spend about 90% of their lives burning hydrogen into helium in their cores. Main sequence stars have a Morgan-Keenan luminosity class labelled V.
Depending on its initial mass, every star goes through specific evolutionary stages dictated by its internal structure and how it produces energy. Each of these stages corresponds to a change in the temperature and luminosity of the star, which can be seen to move to different regions on the HR diagram as it evolves.
The Sun is found on the main sequence with a luminosity of 1 and a temperature of around 5,400 Kelvin. Astronomers generally use the HR diagram to either summarise the evolution of stars, or to investigate the properties of a collection of stars.