what is p&c insurance course

P, or p, is the sixteenth letter of the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English is pee (pronounced / ˈ p iː / ), plural pees . [1]

Full Answer

What is P slang?

The slang phrase is regional and hails from the south. The "P" usually stands for "player" or "paper" (as in money) but it can be used to represent any word that starts with "P". However, the meaning of the phrase is essentially a way of attributing someone with authentic qualities like loyalty or ambition.Jan 24, 2022

What does the 🅿 emoji mean?

The moai emoji depicts a head with elongated ears, nose, and a heavy brow, appearing to be carved out of gray stone. Use of the moai emoji is usually meant to imply strength or determination, and it's also used frequently in Japanese pop-culture posts.Sep 18, 2018

What is the P emoji?

Put simply, the P emoji means “good.” Of course, that's the most basic definition, which is probably what you're looking for since you're Googling what an emoji means (don't worry, you're not alone). The deeper meaning of P as popularized by Gunna is basically anything that encapsulates a positive lifestyle.Jan 19, 2022

What does this emoji mean 👅 🍆?

👅 🍑 💦 = I'd like to eat your booty.Dec 27, 2016

What does 🤙 mean from a guy?

3) 🙈 Monkey Emoji This is another classic flirty emoji that's typically used when the guy is flirting and feels embarrassed or shy about it. Maybe he's not sure how you feel, or where you're at – he's putting himself out there a bit, saying something a little “risky” and testing the waters.Sep 29, 2021

What does P mean from a girl?

Copy link. Read 45 replies. The term /P is a tone indicator that stands for “platonic.” It's just a way for clarifying that you're not being flirtatious or sexual while texting.Nov 16, 2020

What does pushing mean?

As you've probably picked up on by now, P is a term of positivity. If you're pushing P, it basically means you're keeping it real, and acting in an acceptable way. It started as a substitution for the word “player,” as Gunna told The Breakfast Club, but it's fairly flexible.Jan 14, 2022

What does * * mean?

a small starlike symbol (*), used in writing and printing as a reference mark or to indicate omission, doubtful matter, etc. Linguistics. the figure of a star (*) used to mark an utterance that would be considered ungrammatical or otherwise unacceptable by native speakers of a language, as in * I enjoy to ski.

What is a P value?

P Value is a probability score that is used in statistical tests to establish the statistical significance of an observed effect . Though p-values are commonly used, the definition and meaning is often not very clear even to experienced Statisticians and Data Scientists. In this post I will attempt to explain the intuition behind p-value as clear as ...

Why is it important to report the p-value?

For a sound communication, it is necessary to report not just the p-value but also the sample size along with it. This is especially necessary if the experiments involve different sample sizes. Secondly, making inferences and business decisions should not be based only on the p-value being lower than the alpha level.

What is the P value of a null hypothesis?

The P Value is the probability of seeing the effect (E) when the null hypothesis is true. If you think about it, we want this probability to be very low. Having said that, it is important to remember that p-value refers to not only what we observed but also observations more extreme than what was observed.

What does the null hypothesis mean?

The null hypothesis assumes there is ‘no effect’ or ‘relationship’ by default. For example: if you are testing if a drug treatment is effective or not, then the null hypothesis will assume there is not difference in outcome between the treated and untreated groups.

Can a small effect produce a lower p-value?

Because, even a small effect can be made to produce a lower p-value just by increasing the number of observations. The opposite is also true, that is, a large effect can be made to produce high p value by reducing the sample size.

What is the significance of P value?

P -values and statistical significance. P -values are most often used by researchers to say whether a certain pattern they have measured is statistically significant . Statistical significance is another way of saying that the p- value of a statistical test is small enough to reject the null hypothesis of the test.

What is a p-value?

What exactly is a p -value? The p-value, or probability value, tells you how likely it is that your data could have occurred under the null hypothesis. It does this by calculating the likelihood of your test statistic, which is the number calculated by a statistical test using your data. The p -value tells you how often you would expect ...

What is statistical significance?

Statistical significance is a term used by researchers to state that it is unlikely their observations could have occurred under the null hypothesis of a statistical test. Significance is usually denoted by a p -value, or probability value. Statistical significance is arbitrary – it depends on the threshold, or alpha value, chosen by the researcher.

How are P values calculated?

They can also be estimated using p -value tables for the relevant test statistic. P -values are calculated from the null distribution of the test statistic.

How to calculate p-value?

The calculation of the p -value depends on the statistical test you are using to test your hypothesis: 1 Different statistical tests have different assumptions and generate different test statistics. You should choose the statistical test that best fits your data and matches the effect or relationship you want to test. 2 The number of independent variables you include in your test changes how large or small the test statistic needs to be to generate the same p -value.

What is the risk of rejecting the null hypothesis?

Caution when using p -values. P -values are often interpreted as your risk of rejecting the null hypothesis of your test when the null hypothesis is actually true. In reality, the risk of rejecting the null hypothesis is often higher than the p -value, especially when looking at a single study or when using small sample sizes.

What is null hypothesis?

For most tests, the null hypothesis is that there is no relationship between your variables of interest or that there is no difference among groups. For example, in a two-tailed t -test, the null hypothesis is that the difference between two groups is zero. Example: Null and alternative hypothesis.

What is the p-value of a test?

In statistics, the p-value is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothesis test, assuming that the null hypothesis is correct.

What is the significance of a lower p-value?

The lower the p-value, the greater the statistical significance of the observed difference. P-value can be used as an alternative to or in addition to pre-selected confidence levels for hypothesis testing.

What is the purpose of p-value hypothesis test?

Instead, it provides a measure of how much evidence there is to reject the null hypothesis.

What is the p-value approach to hypothesis testing?

The p-value approach to hypothesis testing uses the calculated probability to determine whether there is evidence to reject the null hypothesis. The null hypothesis, also known as the conjecture, is the initial claim about a population (or data generating process). The alternative hypothesis states whether the population parameter differs from the value of the population parameter stated in the conjecture.

How to determine if portfolio is equivalent to S&P 500?

To determine this, the investor conducts a two-tailed test. The null hypothesis states that the portfolio's returns are equivalent to the S&P 500's returns over a specified period, while the alternative hypothesis states that the portfolio's returns and the S&P 500's returns are not equivalent—if the investor conducted a one-tailed test, the alternative hypothesis would state that the portfolio's returns are either less than or greater than the S&P 500's returns.

Why is significance level important?

In practice, the significance level is stated in advance to determine how small the p-value must be in order to reject the null hypothesis. Because different researchers use different levels of significance when examining a question, a reader may sometimes have difficulty comparing results from two different tests.

Who is Brian Beers?

Brian Beers is a digital editor, writer, Emmy-nominated producer, and content expert with 15+ years of experience writing about corporate finance & accounting, fundamental analysis, and investing. Learn about our editorial policies. Brian Beers.

What is the meaning of "LOL"?

An emoticon representative of the user sticking their tongue out. Often used to express silliness or laughter. When something is funny, but isn't quite funny enough for "LOL", :-p may be used instead.

What does "yuck" mean?

1. Somewhat sheepish (but good-humored) acknowledgment of (usually one's own) silliness, foolishness, absentmindedness, or ineptness. While often used to reflect one's own state, it is also used in reference to others or situations. 2. Mild disgust, in other words, a stand-in for "ew" "yuck".

What does an emote mean?

An emoticon generally meant to look like a face with a tongue hanging out. like other emoticons /smileys, it's frequently used in IM conversations, forum posts text messages, etc., especially by younger people. It usually signifies one of the following:

What does "don't mean" mean in MSN?

When you say something in MSN ... etc but don't mean it or saying something for humor or saying something that you're willing to not make it serious or saying something that you're too shy to say it .

What does "XP" mean in "Yuck"?

While often used to reflect one's own state, it is also used in reference to others or situations. 2. Mild disgust, in other words, a stand-in for "ew" "yuck". (More profound revulsion can be expressed with "XP", which is similarly meant to depic.

What does "yuck" mean?

1. Somewhat sheepish (but good-humored) acknowledgment of (usually one's own) silliness, foolishness, absentmindedness, or ineptness. While often used to reflect one's own state, it is also used in reference to others or situations. 2. Mild disgust, in other words, a stand-in for "ew" "yuck".

What does an emote mean?

An emoticon generally meant to look like a face with a tongue hanging out. like other emoticons/smileys, it's frequently used in IM conversations, forum posts text messages, etc.

What does "ew" mean in a sentence?

Somewhat sheepish (but good-humored) acknowledgment of (usually one's own) silliness, foolishness, absentmindedness, or ineptness. While often used to reflect one's own state, it is also used in reference to others or situations. 2. Mild disgust, in other words, a stand-in for "ew" "yuck".

What is +P in a gun?

Assuming the bullets are the same, +P ammunition appears identical to a “normal” cartridge on the outside and will load into any similarly chambered firearm. Optically the only difference is usually a “+P” in the headstamp. Although the proof rounds run through firearms apply much more pressure, the difference between a regular load ...

What is +P load?

Aside from action shooting sports, +P loads are a popular alternative for law enforcement use, where they often need to make longer shots, sometimes through intermediate barriers. That’s where the flatter trajectory and improved velocity shines.

What is SAAMI +P?

Today the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers Institute (SAAMI) publishes pressure and safety specifications for commercially available cartridges labeled +P. Firearm safety is the organization’s primary mission and, coupled with the industry’s strict compliance to those guidelines, it’s a good option for enthusiasts.

What is a 38 Super?

The .38 Special cartridge (Left) is offered in custom +P factory loads, the .38 Super cartridge (Right) is a standard +P load. The first successful +P cartridge to enjoy commercial success was the .38 Super, despite the fact it never earned the algebraic-seeming designation. It is based on the .38 ACP cartridge introduced by John Moses ...

What is the difference between a 9mm and a 38 Super?

For 9mm you can expect a 10-percent increase in the energy with each shot. The .38 Super provides the biggest differential—38 percent.

What was the solution to filling one of them designed for black powder with the same volume of smokeless powder?

Filling one of them designed for black powder with the same volume of smokeless powder generated dangerous pressures. The simple solution was to use less propellent, which allowed the continued use of older and more familiar firearms still in production. That empty space was begging for propellant, though.

What is +P ammo?

November 30, 2019. Ammo. By Guy J. Sagi. Ammunition rated +P generates a chamber pressure higher than the cartridge’s published standard, but the level is less than those produced when proof rounds initially torture test a firearm. Increased bullet velocity is the result—an advantage for some self-defense handguns—but not all guns can safely run ...

What does +P mean in ammo?

Well, the answer really isn’t all that complicated: +P ammo is simply a cartridge that has been loaded with a higher amount of gun powder. The “P” means pressure, so any time you see +P (or +P+, which packs even more powder), think to yourself “pressure.”

Why use +P ammo?

Primarily, most people choose +P ammo for greater terminal ballistics. When the projectile makes contact with a target, hollow point bullets turn forward energy into penetration and expansion.

What happens if you use +P ammo?

If you are using +P ammo, it can cause significant strain on the internal components; especially if you have an auto-loading handgun. Using +P ammo in a weapon that is not rated for higher pressure will eventually ruin the gun and could cause serious injury to the user.

Why is it so hard to shoot high pressure ammo?

Because of the pressure and velocity, there is also an increase in the kick that you experience from shooting these rounds. This can make shooting high-pressure ammo more difficult, especially for smaller or weaker gun owners as you’re more likely to be taken off-target while firing several shots in a row.

Can a gun shoot +P?

Not all handguns can withstand the higher internal pressures of +P ammunition, and shooting +P rounds from a gun not made to handle the pressure can case damage to the firearm which could result in significant injury. The other disadvantage is increased recoil with +P. Because of the pressure and velocity, there is also an increase in the kick ...

Is +P ammo good for conceal carry?

Expansion is a particular concern for anyone using self-defense rounds, making +P ammo an ideal choice for conceal-carry weapons. Although not as much of a concern, +P ammo also provides greater straight-line trajectories.

Is a gun rated for +P ammo?

If the gun is older, it’s likely not built for +P ammo, but age is not a reliable metric. If you have access to the gun’ s manual, it should say whether or not it is rated for +P rounds. You can also take the firearm to a gun dealer or gunsmith who may be able to research the weapon and provide the information you need.

What Is A Null Hypothesis?

What Exactly Is A P-Value?

• The p-value, or probability value, tells you how likely it is that your data could have occurred under the null hypothesis. It does this by calculating the likelihood of your test statistic, which is the number calculated by a statistical test using your data. The p-value tells you how often you would expect to see a test statistic as extreme or mo...

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How Do You Calculate The P-Value?

P-Values and Statistical Significance

Reporting P-Values

Caution When Using P-Values

What Is P-Value?

• In statistics, the p-value is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothesis test, assuming that the null hypothesis is correct.1The p-value serves as an alternative to rejection points to provide the smallest level of significance at which the null hypothesis would be rejected. A smalle...

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How Is P-Value calculated?

The P-Value Approach to Hypothesis Testing

Example of P-Value