Hostility levels are positively correlated to heart disease: the higher the level of hostility, the greater the likelihood of developing heart disease. Which of the following statements is TRUE? The more extensive social networks of women can have both positive and negative health consequences.
Full Answer
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following is the BEST definition of stress?, During their third year at college, Tammy and Timothy both lost their part-time jobs in the library due to funding cutbacks. Tammy was mildly disturbed, shrugged her shoulders, and said she'd soon get another job. Timothy was distraught and believed he might have to quit ...
Mult-Choice . 1. An example of the survey research method is a biographical study of a serial . a. Study of aggression in children by observation through one-way mirros
The In Focus box on gender differences in responding to stress presents Shelley Taylor's proposal that women "tend-and-befriend" in response to stress. In this model, "tend" refers to:
personality factors, such as hostility and pessimism, are correlated with an increased likelihood of developing poor health, but the research does not claim that there is a direct causal relationship between these variables.
The immune system response cannot be classically conditioned.
Women experienced more daily hassles and higher levels of stress than their husbands.
Cognitive aspects include negative beliefs about others. Affective components include anger, as well as disgust and contempt. Behavioral manifestations can take many forms, such as overt aggression or more commonly more subtle and socially acceptable ways of expressing hostility (Siegman, 1994).
Anger , on the other hand, is often described as an emotion evoked when a person is blocked in the attainment of a goal or in the fulfillment of a need (Mendes de Leon & Meesters, 1991). Hostility is a multifaceted phenomenon that includes cognitive, affective, and behavioral manifestations.
Another explanation likely lies in the fact that hostility may be a multidimensional construct, and that only some of its dimensions may be coronary prone (Siegman et al., 1987). For example, results from studies headed by Siegman (1987) showed that only the expression of anger-hostility, not its mere experience, is positively related to the severity of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD). Further studies (Helmig et al., 1991; Mendes de Leon, 1992; Dembroski etal., 1989) confirmed that only the expression of hostility is positively correlated to CAD and CHD. This returns us to the problems with measuring hostility, since the various systems previously mentioned measure expression of anger-hostility and the experience of hostility in different degrees. Furthermore, some of the methods used to measure hostility have questioned validity (Siegman, 1994).
However, the 1996 paper by Miller, Dolgoy et al. has now shown that only in the high expressive hostility group exposed to interpersonal stress was there a significantly elevated cardiovascular response. These results suggest that cardiovascular response to stress is dependent on being in a hostile state.
Hostility is often confused with anger, and although closely related, they are not identical concepts. Hostility is often defined as a personality characteristic of having a rather stable attitude of ill will and negative evaluation of people and events.
This implies that hostility as a risk factor for CHD is an all-or-none quantity depending on whether one possesses the “trait for hostility.” However, it is important to note that certain high stress environments might elicit hostile states in most people who find themselves in these high stress environments. Clearly, if hostility is indeed an important risk factor for CHD, this would have broad public health implications in terms of high stress work environments. Then, not only should people with “the trait of hostility” ideally be led towards work environments that avoid inciting manifestations of their hostility, but high stress work environments that could induce unhealthy levels of hostility in large numbers of employees should be transformed into more healthy working environments.
The In Focus box on gender differences in responding to stress presents Shelley Taylor's proposal that women "tend-and-befriend" in response to stress. In this model, "tend" refers to:
personality factors, such as hostility and pessimism, are correlated with an increased likelihood of developing poor health, but the research does not claim that there is a direct causal relationship between these variables.
The immune system response cannot be classically conditioned.
Women experienced more daily hassles and higher levels of stress than their husbands.