what does the speaker in"the river merchant's wife: a letter" change over the course of the poem

by Wilburn Hayes 6 min read

What is the message of the river merchant’s wife?

How does the speaker in the River Merchant's Wife A letter change over the course of the poem? In The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter , poem the speaker goes from the past tense to the present tense with the line for example the line "The monkeys make sorrowful noise overhead.

What is the purpose of the poem of the river merchant?

Oct 05, 2015 · This is one of the most delicate poems in Cathay, a verse "letter" in which the speaker communicates indirectly, by means of vivid images and shifting tones, the history of her feelings for the absent husband to whom she writes. First, she remembers their friendly play as children. In describing their feelings then as being "without dislike or suspicion," she implies …

When did Ezra Pound write the river merchant’s wife?

What does it mean to be a river-merchant’s wife?

What emotions do the The River Merchant's wife a letter evoke?

Imagery can also suggest emotional states, such as happiness, sadness, or anger. Ezra Pound based “The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter” on a poem by Li Po (701-762), in tribute to the great Chinese poet. As you read the poem, notice how simple words are used to evoke vivid images.

Why does the persona in the River Merchant's wife a letter wrote a letter for his husband?

Ultimately, the poem/letter is meant to remind her husband of her role as his wife, of her existence, of their relationship. It is meant to be a gentle way of telling him not to forget, or betray her. Remember, she is a river-merchant's wife in eighth-century China. This is like being a traveling salesman's wife today.

Who is the speaker in the River Merchant's wife a letter?

Summary. 'The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter' by Ezra Pound describes the relationship between a sixteen-year-old girl and her merchant husband. The young wife is the speaker of the text, and she begins by informing the reader that she was married when she was only fourteen.

What is the River Merchant's wife a letter by Ezra Pound about?

A lonely housewife hasn't seen her husband for five months, so she decides to write him a letter. In the letter, she recalls her first memory of their meeting. Then she recalls how she acted after they first got married—at the tender age of fourteen.

Which lines in the poem The River Merchant's wife letter show the respect of the wife towards the husband?

Lines 7-10 The second stanza places the girl and the boy, the "I" and the "you," as a woman and man in the adult world. In ancient cultures, and in some cultures today, early marriages are customary, and it is often also the custom for the wife to refer to her husband by a respectful title.Oct 5, 2015

What type of poem is The River Merchant's wife?

free verse"The River Merchant's Wife: A Letter" is a four stanza poem, written in free verse, and loosely translated by Ezra Pound from a poem by Chinese poet Li Bai. It first appeared in Pound's 1915 collection Cathay. It is the most widely anthologized poem of the collection.

Stanza 1

The river-merchant's wife, who is still a young woman, writes a letter to her absent husband, the river-merchant, reminiscing about a time when she wore her hair cut short and played outside picking flowers. Her husband, who was still a boy at the time, played on stilts, pretending to be a horse and picking plums.

Stanza 2

Continuing her reflections, the wife recalls how she stopped frowning a year after her marriage. She wanted to be with her husband "forever and forever, and forever." Now she asks why she should climb a lookout tower.

Stanza 3

The wife remembers that at 16, her husband traveled to Ku-tō-en by a treacherous river. He left five months ago and he has not returned. As the wife reflects, she listens to the sad noises of monkeys.

Stanza 4

The wife remembers her husband's reluctance upon leaving. She watches thick moss growing up and covering the gate. It is autumn, and leaves begin falling from the trees. The breeding butterflies turn yellow. "They hurt me," the wife writes. And, "I grow older."

Poetic Form

For his translation Pound uses free verse, a poetic form with no metrical rules. His choice to avoid rhyme and meter reflects one of the three basic tenets of imagism: poets should "compose in sequence of the musical phrase, not in sequence of the metronome." Pound uses plain, simple words arranged into clear, concise sentences.

Childhood and Transition

The power of "The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter" derives partly from the deeply nuanced characterization of the speaker. The changes in the river-merchant's wife over time, and her feelings about them, stand at the center of the poem.

Painful Adulthood

In the third stanza Pound transforms the wife into a lonely, grieving woman. The wife describes her husband's journey "into far Ku-tō-en, by the river of swirling eddies." She does not openly say she fears for her husband's safety, but the description sounds dangerous, perhaps potentially deadly.

How many lines are in the River Merchant's wife?

This translation, “The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter,” is structured into 5 stanzas: the first of 6 lines, and the second, third, and fourth of 4 lines each. Each of the first four stanzas is image-centered, focusing an emotional point in the history of the relationship between the river-merchant’s wife and her husband. The final stanza of 10 lines and a dropped half-line begins with the presentation of a similar central image that collects an enhancing detail in each line until line 25 shifts into direct emotional statement. The last four lines mix this direct letter-writing style with the final image closing the physical and emotional distance between the river-merchant and his wife.

What is the sadness of the river merchant's wife in line 22?

In line 22 the sadness of the river-merchant’s wife is again reflected back to her by the natural world, by the falling leaves and wind of autumn. This image becomes more defined with her observation of the butterflies in the garden, for they are

What is the second stanza of the poem?

The second stanza places the girl and the boy, the “I” and the “you,” as a woman and man in the adult world. In ancient cultures, and in some cultures today, early marriages are customary, and it is often also the custom for the wife to refer to her husband by a respectful title. In the case of this poem the formality of the title is softened by the direct address of “you” added right after it.

How many words does Pound translate into English?

Of them, Pound translated 14 into English, and of them, “The River Merchant’s Wife: A Letter” has achieved the status of masterpiece. This poem is so well regarded because, ultimately, it translates on three distinct levels. First, Pound transcribes the words and their meaning from the Chinese language to the English.

Why is Fenellosa's poem translated into Japanese?

Because Fenellosa was mostly familiar with Japanese, he, himself, translated the poems’ Chinese proper names into Japanese. As a result, all of the proper names, even the name of the poet who originally wrote “The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter,” are given their name in Japanese translation.

What is the meaning of the ideogram in poetry?

They are variously referred to as “translations,” “interpretations,” “paraphrases,” and “adaptations.”. Pound’s study of the Fenollosa manuscripts led to his preoccupation with the Chinese ideogram (a written symbol for an idea or object) as a medium for poetry.

When was the River Merchant's wife published?

“ The River -Merchant’s Wife: A Letter” was published in 1915 in Ezra Pound’s third collection of poetry, Cathay: Translations, which contains versions of Chinese poems composed from the sixteen notebooks of Ernest Fenollosa, a scholar of Chinese literature. Pound called the poems in English which resulted from the Fenollosa manuscripts “translations,” but as such they are held in contempt by most scholars of Chinese language and literature. However, they have been acclaimed as “poetry” for their clarity and elegance. They are variously referred to as “translations,” “interpretations,” “paraphrases,” and “adaptations.”

Author Biography

Poem Summary

  • The power of "The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter" derives partly from the deeply nuanced characterization of the speaker. The changes in the river-merchant's wife over time, and her feelings about them, stand at the center of the poem. Pound, in his attempt to capture the essence of Li Bai's (701–762) original work, presents this transformation th...
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Themes

Style

  • Pound was born in Hailey, Idaho, in 1885, and raised in Philadelphia, the son of Homer Loomis Pound and Isabel Weston Pound. He made his first visits to Europe with his family in 1898 and 1902. He attended the Cheltenham Military Academy when he was twelve and soon after attended the Cheltenham Township High School. Just before his sixteenth birthday Pound entered the Uni…
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Historical Context

  • Lines 1-6
    This opening stanza of 6 lines is organized around a central image of the river-merchant and his wife as a child, confirmed by the first component of the central image: the picture of a little girl with her hair cut in bangs. (The mark of an adult woman in the ancient Chinese culture was elab…
  • Lines 7-10
    The second stanza places the girl and the boy, the “I” and the “you,” as a woman and man in the adult world. In ancient cultures, and in some cultures today, early marriages are customary, and it is often also the custom for the wife to refer to her husband by a respectful title. In the case of t…
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Critical Overview

  • Love and Passion
    Ezra Pound’s “The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter,” a dramatic monologue written in the form of a letter, is a poignant plea from a wife to her husband, a merchant whose journey has lasted far too long for the wife’s ease of mind. The poem honors constancy and faithfulness as the wife reflect…
  • Constancy
    The portrait of the growth of their love provides a rich context to allow the reader to fully appreciate another of the poem’s themes, faithfulness or constancy. When the speaker’s husband left, she had just learned to love him. The reader understands her regret that her newfound passi…
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Criticism

  • This translation, “The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter,” is structured into 5 stanzas: the first of 6 lines, and the second, third, and fourth of 4 lines each. Each of the first four stanzas is image-centered, focusing an emotional point in the history of the relationship between the river-merchant’s wife and her husband. The final stanza of 10 lines and a dropped half-line begins wit…
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Sources

  • Chinese history presents a rich and complex tapestry. Archaeologists believe that the first organized society, the Shang dynasty, existed from approximately 1500 to 1100 B.C. Excavations reveal an agrarian yet artistic culture. From these beginnings, Chinese civilization developed a sophisticated governmental system, as well as a rich philosophical and artistic tradition. Althou…
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For Further Study

  • American critic and poet T. S. Eliot has called Pound “the inventor of Chinese poetry” for the twentieth century. Nevertheless, he sees Cathay: Translations, containing the much anthologized poem “The River-Merchant’s Wife: A Letter,” as more than intelligent literary archaeology of poems from eighth century China. It establishes Pound’s particular literary genius “for expressing himse…
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