The two-force principle applies to ANY member or structure that has only two forces acting on it. This is easily determined by simply counting the number of places where forces act on that member. ... If they act in two places, it is a two-force member.
Because the two forces are equal in magnitude, co-linear and opposite in sense, two-force members act only in pure tension or pure compression. Supports such as cables tend to work well as two force members. If three non-parallel forces act on a body in equilibrium, it is known as a three-force member.
The internal forces, f, are divided into muscle forces, f(M), and joint reactions, f(R), which are different in nature. The former are unilateral (muscles can only pull) and limited in strength by a muscle model, and the latter are bilateral and unlimited in strength: where nM is the number of muscles in the system.
Therefore, the lines of action of all three forces acting on such a member must intersect at a common point; any single force is therfore the equilibrant of the other two forces. A three-force member is often an element which has a single load and two reactions.
The answer to the first question is perhaps more simple. Forces are, arguably, defined by Newton’s Second Law. The only evidence that a force ever exists is that it causes something to accelerate; force is just the name we give to interactions which cause acceleration. The second question is far more interesting.
The net force is the result of all of the forces acting on an object. If two equal forces act on the same object in opposite directions, they cancel each other out, leaving zero net force. An object moving at a constant velocity has zero acceleration and therefore zero net force acting on it.
Zero net force means zero acceleration, and so the book continued to move forwards within the spaceship, at the same constant speed. In other words, having two cancelling forces and a net zero force is exactly the same as having no forces at all.
If two equal forces pull in opposite directions, the net force is zero, which means the acceleration is zero. This leads us to an issue that many people find quite difficult, ...
If they pull the crate in the same direction, the crate will accelerate twice as quickly. If they pull in opposite directions with equal forces, the crate won’t move at all — these two forces cancel each other out. If one person pulls northwards and the other pulls eastwards, the crate will move to the north-east.
Perhaps the most complete study was that of Bergmann et al. (2001), who used instrumented hip prostheses to measure hip joint forces in a series of individuals during walking and other activities.
Since the contribution from the ground reaction force is approximately equal to body weight during the stance phase, the largest contributors to the peak hip joint contact force are the muscle forces acting on the hip joint.
The loads acting on hip and knee joints during normal activities have contributions from the ground reaction force during the stance period, when the foot is in contact with the ground, as well as from the muscles that apply forces and moments to the joints. From the point of view of tribology or failure of the implant surfaces, ...