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What is the function of the bone markings illustrated on this rib: head and facets? Heads and facets are both terms used to indicate a joint surface. Many bones of the skeleton have heads, which commonly articulate with fossae; facets are smooth, flat joint surfaces that form plane joints.
Where is the radius located in reference to the ulna? The radius runs parallel to the ulna on the lateral surface of the forearm.
spine. sharp, slender, often pointed projection.
The distal end of the humerus has two articulation areas, which join the ulna and radius bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint. The more medial of these areas is the trochlea, a spindle- or pulley-shaped region (trochlea = “pulley”), which articulates with the ulna bone.
forearmradius, in anatomy, the outer of the two bones of the forearm when viewed with the palm facing forward. All land vertebrates have this bone. In humans it is shorter than the other bone of the forearm, the ulna.
The radius is named so because the radius (bone) acts like the radius (of a circle). It rotates around the ulna and the far end (where it joins to the bones of the hand), known as the styloid process of the radius, is the distance from the ulna (center of the circle) to the edge of the radius (the circle).
Foramen: Round or oval opening through a bone.
Spine. The spine (or spinous process) is a sharp, slender projection of the bone which is useful for attachment of muscles or ligaments.
A tubercle is a small rounded point of a bone. It also refers to a nodule attached to bone, mucous membrane (moist layer lining parts of the body), or skin.
Located on the lateral side of the proximal humerus is an expanded bony area called the greater tubercle. The smaller lesser tubercle of the humerus is found on the anterior aspect of the humerus.
The distal end of the humerus has two articulation areas, which join the ulna and radius bones of the forearm to form the elbow joint. The more medial of these areas is the trochlea, a spindle- or pulley-shaped region (trochlea = “pulley”), which articulates with the ulna bone.
The proximal end of the ulna resembles a crescent wrench with its large, C-shaped trochlear notch. This region articulates with the trochlea of the humerus as part of the elbow joint.
Calcaneus Tibia Femur. The palpable hip bone projections in the front of the body felt when you put your hands on your hips are the posterior inferior iliac spines. The palpable hip bone projections in the front of the body felt when you put your hands on your hips are the posterior inferior iliac spines.
The posterior inferior iliac spine is superior to the ischial spine. The posterior inferior iliac spine is superior to the ischial spine. The ischium forms the posteroinferior region of the pelvic girdle. The ischium forms the posteroinferior region of the pelvic girdle.
glides along the fibular notch on the lateral side of the tibia. is a sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle. secures the quadriceps muscles of the anterior thigh to the femur. is a sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon of the quadriceps muscle.
The _____ has a landmark called the _____, which marks the course of the radial nerve; Musculus trapezius; Pancreatic acini; ... The _____ has a landmark called the _____, which marks the course of the radial nerve; What is mitosis; Popular Study Materials from Human Anatomy. heart; Reproductive system; Endocrine (17) Respiratory System (22 ...
Elbow injections/aspirations: Flex the elbow at 45° and pronate to protect the radial nerve, mark the landmarks of the lateral, or anconeus, triangle: lateral olecranon, lateral epicondyle, and radial head. After sterile preparation of the skin, the needle is inserted perpendicularly at the center of the triangle and aimed toward the medial ...
Radial nerve localization has been described relative to a distance from various bony landmarks: The acromion and lateral epicondyle proximal to the elbow and the bicipital tuberosity distal to the...
The radial nerve is a nerve in the human body that supplies the posterior portion of the upper limb. It innervates the medial and lateral heads of the triceps brachii muscle of the arm, as well as all 12 muscles in the posterior osteofascial compartment of the forearm and the associated joints and overlying skin..
The deltoid tuberosity is a consistent and practical anatomic landmark that can be used to determine the level of the radial nerve along the posterior aspect of the humerus during operative...
Anatomical Course. The musculocutaneous nerve is the terminal branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus (C5, C6 and C7) and emerges at the inferior border of pectoralis minor muscle.. It leaves the axilla and pierces the coracobrachialis muscle near its point of insertion on the humerus.. It gives a branch to this muscle.
The radial nerve is a major peripheral nerve of the upper limb. In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the radial nerve – its anatomical course and its motor and sensory functions.
It therefore contains fibres from nerve roots C5 – T1. The nerve arises in the axilla region, where it is situated posteriorly to the axillary artery.
Sensory functions – the cutaneous branches to the arm and forearm have already arisen. The superficial branch of the radial nerve will be damaged, resulting in sensory loss to the dorsal surface of the lateral three and half digits and the associated area on the dorsum of the hand.
Posterior cutaneous nerve of forearm – Innervates a strip of skin down the middle of the posterior forearm.
Lower lateral cutaneous nerve of arm – Innervates the lateral aspect of the arm, inferior to the insertion of the deltoid muscle.
Fig 2 – The deep branch of the radial nerve pierces the supinator muscle, and is renamed the posterior interosseous nerve.
In the arm, it innervates the three heads of the triceps brachii , which acts to extend the arm at the elbow. The radial nerve also gives rise to branches that supply the brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus (muscles of the posterior forearm).
It then passes through the cubital fossa and terminates in the posterior compartment of the forearm, by dividing into two terminal branches: superficial (sensory) and deep (motor). The branches of the radial nerve provide motor supply for the posterior muscles of the arm and forearm , as well as the sensory supply of the skin of the arm, ...
The superficial branch continues the course of the radial nerve and enters the hand from the radial side. This branch is also known as the " sensory branch " because of its primary role to provide sensation to the thenar eminence and dorsal aspect of the radial 3 and a half digits of the hand. Brachial plexus Explore study unit.
For example, if the nerve is injured in the axillary region, the sensory loss will be located at the lateral arm and the posterior aspect of the forearm radiating to the radial aspect of the hand and digits.
The radial nerve is the most commonly injured nerve of the arm. The injuries of this nerve usually occur due to fractures of the humerus. The nerve can also be injured when it is "overused" (e.g. sports-related injuries) or compressed (e.g. improper use of crutches).
The deep branch, also known as the “motor branch”, provides motor innervation to the posterior compartment of the forearm. This nerve descends inferiorly through the posterior aspect of the forearm where it penetrates the supinator muscle and emerges as the posterior interosseous nerve. Its main function is to supply the muscles located in ...
Upon entering the cubital region, and before its division, the radial nerve provides one more sensory branch called the posterior antebrachial cutaneous nerve. This nerve innervates a strip of skin down the middle of the posterior forearm. The deep branch, also known as the “motor branch”, provides motor innervation to the posterior compartment ...
Along its course in the arm region, the radial nerve provides muscular branches that innervate the triceps brachii , anconeus , and brachioradialis muscles. Here, it also gives off two sensory branches ( posterior brachial cutaneous nerve and lateral inferior cutaneous brachial nerve) that innervate the skin of the posterior aspect ...
The posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) can be difficult to locate within the radial tunnel. The deep branch of the radial nerve (DBRN) enters the supinator muscle after passing under the arcade of Fröhse. It courses through the superficial portion of the supinator muscle to exit distally as the PIN. Anatomic landmarks could facilitate diagnosis and treatment of radial tunnel syndrome and aid in the injection and decompression of the radial nerve. Eighteen cadaveric arms were used to identify anatomic landmarks to facilitate location of the PIN. The landmarks used include the palpable proximal radial edge of the radial head, proximally, and the mid-width of the wrist, distally. The skin was incised along this longitudinal line through the fascia. Deep within this plane the PIN was identified exiting the distal edge of the superficial portion of the supinator muscle. The proximal and distal edges of the supinator muscle were measured from the proximal radial aspect of the radial head. In addition, the course of the DBRN was appreciated proximal and distal to the superficial part of the supinator muscle. The PIN was identified to exit the superficial part of the supinator muscle at an average distance of 7.4 +/- 0.4 cm distal to the proximal radial aspect of the radial head. Distal to the distal edge of the supinator muscle, the PIN passed along a longitudinal vector from the radial head to the mid-width point of the wrist. From within the supinator muscle the DBRN courses retrograde in an oblique direction toward the lateral edge of the distal most part of the biceps tendon. The anatomic landmarks of the radial head and the mid-width of the dorsal wrist can be used to predict the course and location of the PIN. The DBRN can be predicted to enter the superficial part of the supinator muscle approximately 3.5 cm distal to the radial head, and the PIN is predicted to exit the supinator at 7.5 cm distal to the radial head.
Peripheral nerve injuries are more frequent on upper limbs, and the type of injury is determined by the type of sport. According to Seddon, we distinguish 3 levels of injury: 1) neurapraxia; 2) axonotmesis; and 3) neurotmesis. Diagnosis must be reached as early as possible to enable timely initiation of appropriate treatment. The diagnostics of peripheral nerve injuries includes electromyography and nerve conduction studies, somatosensory evoked potentials, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound. Proximal nerve injuries have a poorer prognosis for neurologic recovery. © 2018, Klinicka Bolnica Sestre Milosrdnice. All rights reserved.
Background Dynamic compressive neuropathies around the elbow are a rare entity described by a relatively small body of literature, mostly consisting of single-case reports. No standardized diagnostic protocols have been described to date. To the authors’ knowledge, this study represents the largest case series of dynamic compressive neuropathies in the upper extremity. Purpose To identify various etiologies of dynamic compressive neuropathies around the elbow, devise a systematic diagnostic protocol, and review treatment options. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A retrospective review was conducted of patients who presented to a single practice between 2013 and 2017 and were diagnosed with a dynamic compressive neuropathy around the elbow. Results A total of 7 patients were identified, with a mean follow-up of 2 years. All patients were high-level pitchers. One patient was a minor league pitcher; 4 patients were National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes; and 2 patients were high school athletes. All patients underwent a systematic diagnostic workup. The diagnosis was established with dynamic nerve conduction testing. Three etiologies for dynamic nerve compression around the elbow were identified: 1 case of lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve compression by the biceps tendon, 3 cases of ulnar nerve compression by an anconeus epitrochlearis muscle, and 3 cases of posterior interosseous nerve compression at the arcade of Frohse with hypertrophic extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor digitorum communis muscles. Two patients were treated conservatively, while 5 patients required surgery. All patients were able to return to pitching. Conclusion Dynamic compressive neuropathies around the elbow are rare entities that present unique diagnostic challenges to the treating clinician. In this cohort, all patients were young throwing athletes. Physical examination of the patient frequently lacks typical findings of chronic nerve entrapment syndromes. Dynamic nerve conduction studies establish the diagnosis, and treatment often requires surgical decompression to achieve complete resolution of symptoms.
Background: Posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) entrapment syndrome is a rare condition and is predisposed by anatomical factors such as narrow passages through fibrous arcades; whereas, the Arcade of Frohse (AF) is the most common entrapment point. The aim of this study was to evaluate the entrance and exit points of the PIN into the supinator in detail. Materials and methods: One hundred unpaired upper extremities underwent dissection. The PIN's entrance and exit points from the supinator were depicted. The distances between the tip of the radial head (RH) and the AF and the exit point of the PIN from the supinator were measured. Further, it was checked if the borders of the AF and the exit point were muscular, tendinous or a combination of these. Results: The interval between the PIN's entry into the supinator and the tip of the RH was at a mean of 28.9 mm. Concerning the border of the AF, in 54 cases a muscular and in 46 specimens a tendinous version could be observed. The interval between the exit point of the PIN and the tip of the RH proved to be at a mean of 64.2 mm. Further, the exit's border was muscular in 65 specimens and tendinous in 35 cases. Conclusion: During surgical treatment of the PIN syndrome, it needs to be kept in mind that approximately one-third of all patients might also suffer from entrapment at the exit point of the PIN.
Successful interventions can restore the patient’s ability to use their arm or hand for everyday activities and may delay or even eliminate the need for surgery. Conversely, procedural complications can be particularly devastating if they result in worsening pain or impaired motor function in an upper limb. In the last decade, the use of ultrasound-guided techniques has led many clinicians to try to achieve the same success with less risk of morbidity and greater likelihood of success.