a. the most useful problem-solving strategy is called the trial-and-error method. b. people are likely to take a more passive approach when solving problems than when working on most other cognitive tasks. c. people typically solve a problem by visualizing the goal state and ignoring the initial state.
One barrier to problem solving is the tendency to impose constraints that don't exist. True In which step of the problem solving process are all of the solutions evaluated and prioritized against a set of criteria, such as time and resources? A. analyze the solution
Focusing on irrelevant information can negatively impact the ability to reason and problem solve effectively. True In which step of the problem solving process should you write a concise statement about the problem? A. analyzing the problem B.
Nicholas: "Problem solving emphasizes the acquisition and storage of information, but it seldom focuses on the transformation of knowledge: c. Gracie: "People are more likely to be creative if the problem includes several obstacles." d. Tiffany: "In problem solving, you need to reach a goal, but the solution is not an obvious one." Nice work!
To solve a problem, you must first be willing to accept the problem by acknowledging that the problem exists, identifying it, and committing yourself to trying to solve it.
1.List the benefits : helps you clarify why you might want to tackle the problem, motivates you to get started, and serves as a source of encouragement when you encounter difficulties or lose momentum.
d. Tiffany: "In problem solving, you need to reach a goal, but the solution is not an obvious one."
Psychologists who support the situated-cognition approach to problem solving would be most likely to emphasize. a. that people often learn to solve a problem in a specific context, and then they cannot transfer it to other situations. b. how people reach creative solutions, rather than obvious solutions.
c. people typically solve a problem by visualizing the goal state and ignoring the initial state.
a. the most useful problem-solving strategy is called the trial-and-error method.
a. you must use heuristics in order to understand a problem.
The section on creativity in Chapter 11 examined research about intrinsic motivation and creativity in writing poetry. According to this research, people were especially likely to be creative. a. when they had high intrinsic motivation for working on the task.
a. understanding occurs when we have evolved an external representation for an internal problem.
12. A high-ranking manager who advocates the project and uses her or his influence to gain approval of the project is a project
Too often when new project managers do find time to work directly on the project, they adopt a hands-on approach to managing the project. They choose this style not because they are power-hungry egomaniacs but because they are eager to achieve results.
Project managers often have to deviate from what was planned and introduce significant changes in the project scope and schedule to respond to unforeseen threats or opportunities.
Traits of a successful project manager include being a systems thinker, having personal integrity, being proactive, having high emotional intelligence, having a general business perspective, being effective at time management, being a skillful politician and being an optimist. 26.
A popular metaphor for the role of a project manager is that of conductor.
Well-defined projects that encounter no significant surprises require little leadership.
Leadership involves recognizing and articulating the need to significantly alter the direction and operation of the project, aligning people to the new direction, and motivating them to work together to overcome hurdles produced by the change and to realize new objectives. 4.
When working to improve the organization's quality of work life, it is important to look at both the physical health and the safety environment of the organization as well as the psychological aspects . While in the past, the primary health and safety focus was on the physical work environment, a growing concern now exists about the psychological work environment. Many firms realize that their strategic and competitive advantage is directly impacted when the work environment of employees is poor.
Many employers are convinced that by providing opportunities for employees to realize these aspriations, employees will be more content and , as a result, the quality of work life within the organization will improve.
If top management minimizes the importance of people and the HR department to the organization's overall success , line managers and others will do likewise. As a result, those in the HR department will likely only perform the most routine activities and resort to responding in a "reactive" manner to needs, rather than making "proactive" contributions. On the other hand, when top management relies on HR to make strategies and other important decisions, others will follow, allowing HR the opportunity to contribute and help achieve organizational goals. As the world has become increasingly complex, managers and others have come to realize the important and critical role of HR.
Strategy refers to how an organization is going to compete. In other words, strategy describes the process by which an organization decides on which products or services to market and sell, which industries to enter, and how the organization is going to reach its desired goals in the marketplace.
HR functions and activities are important largely because they serve to attract, retain, and motivate employees. However, it is also widely acknowledged that by doing an effective job in realizing these explicit objectives, HR functions and activities can positively affect the bottom line. Conversely, a poor selection of an employee or a poorly designed program to maintain employee motivation renders the employee unsatisfied, and performance suffers. There are three implicit HR objectives: improvement of productivity, improvement of quality work life, and ensuring legal compliance.
As such, it is critically important that they accurately reflect the performance of employees.
The current workforce is generally becoming more knowledgeable and better informed. These employees are often the force behind many organizations' abilities to remain competitive in today's global and chaotic environment. As society becomes better informed, it also tends to become more critical, less accepting of authority, and more cynical. Many millennials entering the workforce appear to be particularly cynical about decisions made by supervisors and, correspondingly, more resistant to authority.