Full Answer
Genetic engineering is a process that modifies the genome of an organism to introduce desirable characteristics. Before genetic engineering, insulin was obtained from pigs and cattle. Due to an increase in the number of diabetics, more insulin is required than ever before. The human insulin gene is removed using a restriction enzyme.
The bacterial cells are genetically modified in order to produce the genes that are required for human insulin production. The peptide hormone which is produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets is called insulin. It regulates the metabolism of nutrients by absorbing glucose from the blood.
Advantages of genetically engineered insulin: 1 Not limited by the slaughter of animals. 2 Large quantities can be made quickly. 3 No risk of transferring infections. 4 More effective at treating diabetes as animal insulin is different to human insulin. 5 No ethical issues concerning the use of animals. More ...
The pure insulin produced can be used to treat diabetes. Not limited by the slaughter of animals. Large quantities can be made quickly. No risk of transferring infections. More effective at treating diabetes as animal insulin is different to human insulin.
E. coliThe development in the field of genetic engineering allowed the production of insulin in E. coli and yeast, which have been approved for therapeutic applications in human by FDA [14,15]. Nowadays, recombinant human insulin is mainly produced either in E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Humulin is human insulin produced by genetically modified bacteria.
The genetic engineering process The gene for human insulin is inserted into the gap in the plasmid. This plasmid is now genetically modified. The genetically modified plasmid is introduced into a new bacteria or yeast cell. This cell then divides rapidly and starts making insulin.
Recombinant DNARecombinant DNA is a technology scientists developed that made it possible to insert a human gene into the genetic material of a common bacterium. This “recombinant” micro-organism could now produce the protein encoded by the human gene. Scientists build the human insulin gene in the laboratory.
10 successful examples of genetic modificationMouse-ear cress.Western corn rootworm, European corn borer.Bananas.Abiotic stress.Onions that do not make you cry.Golden rice.Purple tomatoes.Carrots that help prevent osteoporosis.More items...•
The first genetically engineered, synthetic “human” insulin was produced in 1978 using E. coli bacteria to produce the insulin. Eli Lilly went on in 1982 to sell the first commercially available biosynthetic human insulin under the brand name Humulin.
E. coli has the fastest reproduction rate which under the right conditions can double its numbers every 20-30 minutes. It is also resistant to antibiotics such as ampicillin and tetracycline which allows insulin manufactures to easily inhibit the growth of unwanted microbes when it is fermented on a large scale.
Recombinant human insulin is produced predominantly using E. coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae for therapeutic use in human.
Before genetic engineering, insulin was obtained from pigs and cattle. Due to an increase in the number of diabetics, more insulin is required than ever before.
The bacterial cell is placed in a fermenter to allow reproduction under perfect conditions (warmth, moisture and oxygen). Downstreaming occurs – this is when insulin is extracted, purified and packaged.
A bacterial plasmid is cut open using the same restriction enzyme. Restriction enzymes leave ‘sticky ends’, where one of the two DNA strands is longer than the other. Using the same restriction enzyme to cut both the human DNA and bacterial plasmid results in complementary sticky ends that join by base pairing.
Insulin is produced from the beta cells that are present in a small organ pancreas that is close to the liver. 2.
The Steps Involved are: 1 The plasmid is a piece of circular DNA that is extracted from yeast or bacteria. 2 From the circular plasmid, a small section is being cut by the use of restriction enzymes called molecular scissors. 3 The gene that is required for the production of insulin by recombinant DNA technology is inserted into the gap in the plasmid. This plasmid is now genetically modified. 4 This genetically modified plasmid is introduced into the yeast or bacterial cells. And these cells start dividing rapidly in the production of recombinant insulin. 5 The genetically modified yeast or bacteria are grown in large fermentation vessels which contain all the required nutrients in order to produce large quantities of cells. More insulin is produced as more cells divide. 6 When the fermentation process is completed the mixture is filtered to release the insulin.
And these cells start dividing rapidly in the production of recombinant insulin. The genetically modified yeast or bacteria are grown in large fermentation vessels which contain all the required nutrients in order to produce large quantities of cells. More insulin is produced as more cells divide. When the fermentation process is completed ...
The organisms will be genetically modified to have the physical characteristics that are required for the production of large quantities of useful products. The bacterial cells are genetically modified in order to produce the genes that are required for human insulin production . The peptide hormone which is produced by beta cells ...
Hence the humulin was introduced to avoid all these disadvantages caused by animal insulin.
The gene that is required for the production of insulin by recombinant DNA technology is inserted into the gap in the plasmid. This plasmid is now genetically modified. This genetically modified plasmid is introduced into the yeast or bacterial cells. And these cells start dividing rapidly in the production of recombinant insulin.
Ans: When the insulin levels fall too low in our body it reflects on the strength of functioning of the body cells. This condition is called hypoglycemia. It occurs only when the blood sugar levels in the body drop down below 70 milligrams per decilitre.