how might an attacker be able to gather classified information through inference? course hero

How can an attacker access sensitive information?

An attacker might try to access sensitive information through a direct attack, indirect attack or tracking. A wide variety of inference channels have been discovered in databases. One way of inference is querying the database based on sensitive information.

When two values taken together are classified at a higher level than one of every value involved, this becomes a answer?

When two values taken together are classified at a higher level than one of every value involved, this becomes a data association. When a set of information is classified at a higher level than the individual level of data, it is a clear case of data aggregation.

What is inference in database?

In basic terms, inference is a data mining technique used to find information hidden from normal users. An inference attack may endanger the integrity of an entire database. The more complex the database is, the greater the security implemented in association with it should be.

Why is overfitting a machine learning model important?

The more overfitted a machine learning model is, the easier it will be for an adversary to stage membership inference attacks against it. Therefore, a machine model that generalizes well on unseen examples is also more secure ...

Can a well-designed attack extract sensitive information?

But in the case of models that work on tabular data such as financial and health information, a well-designed attack might be able to extract sensitive information, such as associations between patients and diseases or financial records of target people.

Is machine learning attack successful?

The researchers found that this attack was successful on many different machine learning services and architectures. Their findings show that a well-trained attack model can also tell the difference between training dataset members and non-members that receive a high confidence score from the target machine learning model.

How many times can you use an attack strategy?

Match the general attack strategy on the left with the appropriate description on the right. (Each attack strategy may be used once, more than once, or not all.)

How many times can you use a general defense methodology?

Match the general defense methodology on the left with the appropriate description on the right. (Each methodology may be used once, more than once, or not all.)

What is the first step in a hacker's pre-attack?

The hacker seeks to find out as much information as possible about the victim. This first step is considered a passive information gathering.

What is the key defense against hacking?

One key defense against the hacker is the practice of deny all. The practice of the deny all rule can help reduce the effectiveness of the hacker’s activities at this step. Deny all means that all ports and applications are turned off, and only the minimum number of applications and services are turned on that are needed to accomplish the organization’s goals.

How can a hacker gain access to a modem?

Access could be gained by finding a vulnerability in the web server’s software.

What is scanning in hacking?

Scanning is the active step of attempting to connect to systems to elicit a response. Enumeration is used to gather more in-depth information about the target, such as open shares and user account information. At this step in the methodology, the hacker is moving from passive information gathering to active information gathering.

What is the most valuable tool for a hacker?

If the hacker is still struggling for information, he can turn to what many consider the hacker’s most valuable reconnaissance tool, the Internet . That’s right; the Internet offers the hacker a multitude of possibilities for gathering information. Let’s start with the company website. The company website might have key employees listed, technologies used, job listings probably detailing software and hardware types used, and some sites even have databases with employee names and email addresses.

What is the number one defense against reconnaissance attacks?

Good security policies are the number one defense against reconnaissance attacks. They are discussed in more detail in Chapter 13, "Social Engineering and Physical Security."

When is a denial of service included in the preceding steps?

A denial of service (DoS) might be included in the preceding steps if the attacker has no success in gaining access to the targeted system or network.

What is the first step a hacker tries to get information about the target?

Gathering information is the first step where a hacker tries to get information about the target.

What are some tools that hackers use to gather information?

There are various tools, techniques, and websites, including public sources such as Whois, nslookup that can help hackers gather information.

What is information gathering?

Information Gathering is the act of gathering different kinds of information against the targeted victim or system. It is the first step or the beginning stage of Ethical Hacking, where the penetration testers or hackers (both black hat or white hat) performed this stage; this is a necessary and crucial step to be performed.

What Is Information Gathering?

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Information Gathering Process

Information Gathering Techniques

from Data to Parameters

Membership Inference Attacks

• A good machine learning model is one that not only classifies its training data but generalizes its capabilities to examples it hasn’t seen before. This goal can be achieved with the right architecture and enough training data. But in general, machine learning models tend to perform better on their training data. For example, going back to the exam...

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The Limits of Membership Inference