Authoritarianism Fromm (1941) defined authoritarianism as the “tendency to give up the independence of one’s own individual self and to combine one’s self with somebody or something outside oneself, in order to acquire the strength which the individual is lacking” Fromm identified three kinds of sadistic tendencies, all more or less clustered together.
Fromm (1947) defined personality as “the totality of inherited and acquired psychic qualities which are characteristic of one individual and which make the individual unique”. Character is defined as the relatively permanent system of all noninstinctual strivings through which man relates himself to the human and natural world.
· The productive character fully develops as a person who can love and give back to society. A necrophilous character is obsessed with death. A biophilous character is concerned with the growth and ...
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Erich Fromm was a 20th century German psychoanalyst. Think for a moment about what was happening in Germany during his time. In 1921, Adolf Hitler became the head of the Nazi party. Throughout the 1920s Fromm attended college in Frankfurt, Heidelberg, Munich, and Berlin. By 1933, the Holocaust had begun.
One of Fromm's theories, called the five basic needs, likely surfaced from the uniqueness of his environment at the time. The theory relates to the development of each person's responsibility to promote the common good rather than comply passively to societal expectations. Fromm identified the five basic needs of every individual as follows: 1 People need to feel connected. 2 People need to transcend their haphazard lives, either through love or hate. 3 People need to feel as though they belong someplace in the world. 4 People need to develop a sense of self. 5 People need orientation, either through assimilation or socialization. Assimilation relates to things such as a career path or a religion, while socialization relates to personal relationships with others.
Psychoanalysis was first developed by Sigmund Freud. At first, Fromm strongly adhered to Freud's theories, but over time he began to disagree with some tenets. For example, Fromm felt that personality was affected more by social and economic factors and less by unconscious desires.
His 1941 book, Escape from Freedom analyzes the individual's need to escape the isolation and fear that come with becoming an adult. In the book, Fromm writes that people are drawn to totalitarian leaders as a relief from the excessive freedom that is thrust upon them in adulthood.
The productive character fully develops as a person who can love and give back to society. A necrophilous character is obsessed with death. A biophilous character is concerned with the growth and development of themselves and others. Influence of Marxism.
Durkheim believed that if humans were left to pursue their desires unchecked, the result would be chaos and that people need external forces, such as religion, to create boundaries of acceptable behavior. He wrote, "The passions first must be limited ... But since the individual has no way of limiting them, this must be done by some force exterior to him." Durkheim identified this outside force as the collective conscience, a set of generally accepted social rules, norms, values, and beliefs that have become embodied in institutions and form the basis of society. Accordingly, Durkheim viewed children as novice members of society who must learn how to think and behave through processes of socialization (the ways people learn the values and norms of their society).
Also called structural functionalism, this approach is based on the idea that social institutions serve to enable a society to endure and to thrive. A social institution is complex set of interdependent social forces that meet basic needs and serve to reproduce patterns of behavior. Social institutions help to produce an organized set of roles, rules, and norms that perform a set of social functions. They work together to create social order, a stability in a society. Institutions such as government, religion, law, education, the economy, and the family influence and reinforce patterns of social behavior. Sociologists working within the structural functionalist model focus on how social institutions constrain behavior as well as shape beliefs and attitudes.
A socially created aspect of social life. The meanings given to terms or concepts by a society. coming of age. Linked closely to rites of passage, it carries implications of reaching a stage in life where society accepts that a person is now capable of accepting the responsibilities of adulthood.
culture. The values, beliefs, traditions, languages, technologies, morals, ethics and arts that bind a society together. These ways of thinking, feeling and behaving allow us to gain meaning from objects and ideas around us through the shared knowledge of a society. environment.
persons. Individuals shaped by their society and culture. They develop identity and learn to communicate and interact with other persons in society. society. the way people organise themselves (people, groups, networks, institutions, organisations and systems) and link to each other (paterns of interaction in and between groups). culture.
ethnographic study. The systematic collection of data derived from direct observation of the everyday life of a particular society, group or subculture. The study of a group of people for the purpose of describing the socio-cultural activities and patterns. Helps to understand the culture through the eyes of cultural informants rather than your own.
participant observation. Researchers take part in the daily activities of people and take fieldnotes either on the spot or soon after. focus group. A group interview (usually 3-8 members) where a topic is given and the researcher coordinates the discussion.
focus group. A group interview (usually 3-8 members) where a topic is given and the researcher coordinates the discussion. personal reflection.
The meanings given to terms or concepts by a society. coming of age. Linked closely to rites of passage, it carries implications of reaching a stage in life where society accepts that a person is now capable of accepting the responsibilities of adulthood. adolescence.