an item of information becomes a fact only when it becomes known: course hero critical thinking

What is a critical thinker?

Front Page Title: Learning and Memory Fact Sheet Description of how the brain encodes, consolidates, and retrieves information. Encoding is when we take the information that we have gathered and transfer it to our long-term memory. One way of doing this is rehearsing information, which would be like saying a phrase repeatedly without connecting it with any other …

What stage of knowing is anything goes thinking?

Inference is a useful critical thinking skill because we often must draw conclusions, predict outcomes, or judge the likelihood of the predictions of others. When we do this, we begin from a base of what is known, and try to imagine what is reasonable and consistent with these facts.

Are knowledge and TRUTH relative to the individual?

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What did the Hawthorne studies focus on?

Critical Thinking and Reasoning: Logic and the Role of Arguments. Critical thinkers tend to exhibit certain traits that are common to them. These traits are summarized in Table 6.1: [1] Critical thinkers are open and receptive to all ideas and arguments, even those with which they may disagree. Critical thinkers reserve judgment on a message ...

What is critical thinking?

Critical thinkers are open and receptive to all ideas and arguments, even those with which they may disagree. Critical thinkers reserve judgment on a message until they have examined the claims, logic, reasoning, and evidence used.

What is all reasoning?

All reasoning is an attempt to figure something out, to settle some question, to solve some problem. All reasoning is based on assumptions. All reasoning is done from some point of view. All reasoning is based on data, information, and evidence. All reasoning is expressed through, and shaped by, concepts and ideas.

What is deductive reasoning?

Deductive reasoning refers to an argument in which the truth of its premises guarantees the truth of its conclusions. Think back to Harrison’s argument for Sydney cleaning the bathroom. In order for his final claim to be valid, we must accept the truth of his claims that girls are better at cleaning bathrooms than boys. The key focus in deductive arguments is that it must be impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion to be false. The classic example is:

Why is critical thinking important in public speaking?

In public speaking, the value of being a critical thinker cannot be overstressed. Critical thinking helps us to determine the truth or validity of arguments. However, it also helps us to formulate strong arguments for our speeches. Exercising critical thinking at all steps of the speech writing and delivering process can help us avoid situations like Shonda found herself in. Critical thinking is not a magical panacea that will make us super speakers. However, it is another tool that we can add to our speech toolbox.

What is the difference between listening and hearing?

At its most basic, hearing refers to the physiological process of receiving sounds, while listening refers to the psychological process of interpreting or making sense of those sounds.

What does Aristotle mean by logic?

Aristotle’s simple definition of logic as the means by which we come to know anything still provides a concise understanding of logic. [3] . Of the classical pillars of a core liberal arts education of logic, grammar, and rhetoric, logic has developed as a fairly independent branch of philosophical studies.

Is it possible for the first two propositions to be true and the conclusion to be false?

It is virtually impossible for the first two propositions to be true and the conclusion to be false. Any argument which fails to meet this standard commits a logical error or fallacy. Even if we might accept the arguments as good and the conclusion as possible, the argument fails as a form of deductive reasoning.

What is the idea of knowing?

is the ability to distinguish beliefs supported by strong reasons or evidence from beliefs for which there is less support, as well as from beliefs disproved by evidence to the contrary.

What is the most important criterion for evaluating your beliefs?

One important criterion for evaluating your beliefs is that the beliefs are: . falsifiable. People in the "Garden of Eden" stage of thinking tend to see the world in terms of: black and white. One major goal of social institutions, including family, the school system, and religion, is to: transfer knowledge.

What does it mean when a belief is not falsifiable?

Because a belief that is not falsifiable can never be proved, such a belief is of questionable accuracy. Knowledge is clear, certain, and absolute, and is provided by authorities.

What is the second stage of the 'Theory of the Mind'?

Stage 2: Anything Goes . Authorities often disagree with each other, no one really "knows" what is true or right. All beliefs are of equal value, and we cannot determine whether one belief makes more sense than another belief. Stage 3: Thinking Critically.

What is the antecedent of groupthink?

Antecedent of 'Groupthink': Stressful internal and external characteristics placed on certain group members may increase the potential for Groupthink to occur. -Issues and events inside and outside the group can cause people to break down.

What is the assumption of groupthink?

Assumption of 'Groupthink': Conditions in groups promote high cohesiveness. -Cohesiveness is the extent to which group members are willing to work together. -Cohesion comes from a group's attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior. -Cohesion is easy to recognize but hard to define.