Download scientific diagram | Wolvin & Coakley's model (1993). From Wolvin, A.D., & Coakley, from publication: RESEARCHING LISTENING FROM THE INSIDE OUT: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONVERSATIONAL ...
SAGE Flex for Public Speaking 1 Stages of Listening Brief: The listening process, which is essential to successful public speaking, involves five stages: receiving, understanding, evaluating, remembering, and responding. Learning Objective: Understand why listening is an important skill for public speaking and identify the five stages of listening.
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Andrew D. Wolvin. Carolyn Gwynn Coakley and Andrew D. Wolvin are co-authors of the widely-used text Listening (published by William C. Brown Publishers) and Listening Instruction (ERIC). Wolvin and Coakley are co-editors of Experiential Listening: Tools for Teachers and Trainers (Spectra, 1989) and Perspectives on Listening (Ablex, in production). In addition to researching and writing in the ...
164 Murat Canpolat, Sekvan Kuzu, Bilal Yıldırım & Sevilay Canpolat According to the model, participants were evaluated without any intervention by researchers in the classroom environment. Findings: Findings from observations and interviews were organized under three subheadings: cognitive, affective, and psychomotor-based strategies.
Workers who communicate successfully with diverse audiences must make few assumptions, learn about their own and other cultures and
individuals in in high-context cultures prefer direct verbal interaction, value individualism, rely on logic, say "no" directly and give authority to written infromation
The brain can process information at least tree times as fast as people talk we tend to "tune out" speakers whose ideas counter out own we would rather talk than listen
Listening physiology certainly plays a major role in how listeners function. Sensory acuity, especially auditoryand visual, is basic to listening. Age-related deterioration of sensory mechanisms can lead to loss of both theverbal content and the nonverbal dimensions of the communication. Additionally, the neurological makeup ofthe listener is a factor. Research on hemispheric specialization, for example, suggests that the left brain may bethe more rational, objective, organizing processor, while the right brain is the more emotional, intuitive side.
In addition to the physiological influences on listening, listeners bring psychological variables to thecommunication. The listener's attitudinal state may well be one of the most significant influences on thatperson's listening behavior. A positive listening attitude, along with listening knowledge, is a critical ingredientof effective listening. Positive attitudes give the listener a willingness to listen.
Therapeutic listening (also referred to more narrowly as “empathic” listening) requires that the listener serve asa “sounding board” to provide the speaker with the opportunity to talk through a problem, ideally to thespeaker's own solution to it. Effective therapeutic listening builds from discrimination and comprehension of themessage for the listener to provide the necessary supportive behaviors and responses that enable the speakerto talk through the problem. While serious psychological problems must be handled by qualified therapists, anempathetic ear can be all the assistance required for many people to deal with daily concerns. An effectivetherapeutic listener must be careful not to evaluate or judge what is said. The therapeutic listener must operatefrom a high level of empathy—understanding why the speaker is responding as he or she does—to understandthe speaker's thoughts and feelings. By applying principles of nondirective listening, the listener offers just thenecessary responses (verbalizations such as “uh huh” and nonverbalizations such as head nods) to keep thespeaker communicating without directing him or her to any one particular solution.
Discriminative listening involves distinguishing the auditory and/or visual stimuli. Discriminative listeningrequires careful concentration on, and sensitivity to, the various stimuli to differentiate between/among themaccurately. Effective discriminative listening demands sensitivity to the verbal and nonverbal cues offered bythe communicator and a concerted effort to identify the auditory and the visual messages.
The listener receives messages. During reception, the listener employs auditory and visual sensory receptors.While the listening process can include hearing sounds, listening and hearing are not the synonymous functionsthat many individuals assume. The auditory reception of the message is itself a detailed process involving theintricate hearing mechanism. The sound must enter the middle ear, set into vibration the tympanic membrane,and be conducted through the inner ear to the brain. Problems with the hearing mechanism can compound thereceptive process. Research at the National Institutes of Health suggests that as many as one out of every nineAmericans has some type of hearing loss. Exposure to loud music, especially through headsets, has beenidentified as a major contributor to this situation. While many researchers and practitioners have focused theirdefinitions and models of listening on listening to auditory-only stimuli, listening also involves the visual channelwhen the source of the stimuli is in the presence of the listener. The visual channel is an influentialcommunication media, and the other senses (smell, taste, touch) impact the listener as well.
Practice is crucial to listening proficiency. But that practice must be good practice. Listeners must be preparedto practice correct listening skills. And they must be prepared to practice listening skills throughout theircommunication life spans. Just as good speakers, writers, and readers practice and polish their communicationskills across their lifetimes, so too do good listeners monitor, adapt, change, and polish their listening skills.
Listening physiology certainly plays a major role in how listeners function. Sensory acuity, especially auditoryand visual, is basic to listening. Age-related deterioration of sensory mechanisms can lead to loss of both theverbal content and the nonverbal dimensions of the communication. Additionally, the neurological makeup ofthe listener is a factor. Research on hemispheric specialization, for example, suggests that the left brain may bethe more rational, objective, organizing processor, while the right brain is the more emotional, intuitive side.
In addition to the physiological influences on listening, listeners bring psychological variables to thecommunication. The listener's attitudinal state may well be one of the most significant influences on thatperson's listening behavior. A positive listening attitude, along with listening knowledge, is a critical ingredientof effective listening. Positive attitudes give the listener a willingness to listen.
Therapeutic listening (also referred to more narrowly as “empathic” listening) requires that the listener serve asa “sounding board” to provide the speaker with the opportunity to talk through a problem, ideally to thespeaker's own solution to it. Effective therapeutic listening builds from discrimination and comprehension of themessage for the listener to provide the necessary supportive behaviors and responses that enable the speakerto talk through the problem. While serious psychological problems must be handled by qualified therapists, anempathetic ear can be all the assistance required for many people to deal with daily concerns. An effectivetherapeutic listener must be careful not to evaluate or judge what is said. The therapeutic listener must operatefrom a high level of empathy—understanding why the speaker is responding as he or she does—to understandthe speaker's thoughts and feelings. By applying principles of nondirective listening, the listener offers just thenecessary responses (verbalizations such as “uh huh” and nonverbalizations such as head nods) to keep thespeaker communicating without directing him or her to any one particular solution.
Discriminative listening involves distinguishing the auditory and/or visual stimuli. Discriminative listeningrequires careful concentration on, and sensitivity to, the various stimuli to differentiate between/among themaccurately. Effective discriminative listening demands sensitivity to the verbal and nonverbal cues offered bythe communicator and a concerted effort to identify the auditory and the visual messages.
The listener receives messages. During reception, the listener employs auditory and visual sensory receptors.While the listening process can include hearing sounds, listening and hearing are not the synonymous functionsthat many individuals assume. The auditory reception of the message is itself a detailed process involving theintricate hearing mechanism. The sound must enter the middle ear, set into vibration the tympanic membrane,and be conducted through the inner ear to the brain. Problems with the hearing mechanism can compound thereceptive process. Research at the National Institutes of Health suggests that as many as one out of every nineAmericans has some type of hearing loss. Exposure to loud music, especially through headsets, has beenidentified as a major contributor to this situation. While many researchers and practitioners have focused theirdefinitions and models of listening on listening to auditory-only stimuli, listening also involves the visual channelwhen the source of the stimuli is in the presence of the listener. The visual channel is an influentialcommunication media, and the other senses (smell, taste, touch) impact the listener as well.
Practice is crucial to listening proficiency. But that practice must be good practice. Listeners must be preparedto practice correct listening skills. And they must be prepared to practice listening skills throughout theircommunication life spans. Just as good speakers, writers, and readers practice and polish their communicationskills across their lifetimes, so too do good listeners monitor, adapt, change, and polish their listening skills.