The reasons for the persistence of occupational segregation are rooted in a complex interplay between societal and personal gender stereotypes, discrimination by power-holders against out-groups, habits and social inertia-and the repeated impact of all these on individuals’ choices and behaviours.
Full Answer
The causes of occupational segregation include societal biases about particular demographics of workers that are embedded in public and private systems, in policy choices, and in operations across education, training, and work.
Segregation in jobs significantly contributes to persistent gender and racial wage gaps.
The causes of occupational segregation include societal biases about particular demographics of workers that are embedded in public and private systems, in policy choices, and in operations across education, training, and work.
The idea that nurses and teachers are often pictured as women whereas doctors and lawyers are often assumed to be men are examples of how highly ingrained horizontal segregation is in our society.
It depresses aggregate demand in the economy by substantially depressing female wages, contributing to the gender wage gap, and therefore reducing families' incomes.
Occupational gender segregation refers to the tendency of men and women to work in different professions (Blackburn et al., 2002). It is an important demographic issue for industrialised societies (Watts, 1998) and a key source of social inequality (Charles and Grusky, 2004).
At the microeconomic level, occupational segregation by gender substantially depresses female wages and contributes to the gender wage gap. Most of the U.S. economy's highest paying occupations are predominantly male while most of the lowest paying occupations are predominantly female. (See Figure 2.)
Vertical segregation denotes the situation whereby opportunities for career progression for a particular gender within a company or sector are limited. This can contribute to a range of gender-related inequalities such as, for example, the gender pay gap.
What causes occupational segregation? One explanation is biological. Differences, the reasoning goes, that are plainly visible physically also exist on the level of desires and aspirations. Women and men are simply divergent; they pursue distinct goals, define happiness in separate ways, and tend to have dissimilar kinds of abilities.
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In this chapter, an extremely uneven distribution of professional occupations that women enter is revealed and the problems associated with these biases are elucidated.
Regarding the DiNardo-Fortin-Lemieux (DFL) method, please refer to Appendix 1 of Chap. 2.
Yamaguchi K. (2019) Causes and Effects of Gender Occupational Segregation: Overlooked Obstacles to Gender Equality. In: Gender Inequalities in the Japanese Workplace and Employment. Advances in Japanese Business and Economics, vol 22. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7681-8_3