Initially this collection consisted of twenty-two chapters presenting the errors condemned in 1277 by Archbishop Robert Kilwardby at Oxford, in 1241 by Bishop William of Alvernia in Paris, and in 1270 and 1277 by Bishop Stephen Tempier in Paris (in this order).
Full Answer
What is the tempier condemnation?
Tempier's condemnation has often been depicted as the most dramatic and significant doctrinal censure in the history of the University of Paris, and a landmark in the history of medieval philosophy and theology. Yet, the doctrinal significance of the condemnation has received very diverse assessments. Since the appearance of the studies by Pierre Mandonnet and Fernand van Steenberghen, Tempier's condemnation has come to be associated with the opposition between faith and reason, caused by the introduction of newly translated philosophical sources in the Latin West, in particular Aristotle and his commentator Averroes. Studies which present Tempier's condemnation as a response to “Averroism” or to “radical Aristotelianism,” follow this line of interpretation.
Who banned the teaching of theological theses?
On March 7, 1277, the Bishop of Paris, Stephen Tempier, prohibited the teaching of 219 philosophical and theological theses that were being discussed and disputed in the faculty of arts under his jurisdiction. Tempier's condemnation has gained great symbolic meaning in the minds of modern intellectual historians, and possibly for this reason, there is still considerable disagreement about what motivated Tempier to promulgate his prohibition, what exactly was condemned, and who the targets were. In addition, the effects of Tempier's action on the course of medieval thought in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, and even beyond, has been the subject of much debate. The lack of a commonly accepted standard account of Tempier's actions plus the enormous amount of literature and of textual evidence that either directly or indirectly bears on the events of 1277, puts specific limitations to the present entry. It will be confined to presenting those historical facts that are uncontroversial and to indicating the main issues of current debate with respect to Tempier's condemnation.
Who was the bishop of Rome in 1277?
Although Tempier's action of March 7, 1277 is best known in the historiography of philosophy, mention should also be made of two additional doctrinal investigations of 1277 that are attributed to Bishop Tempier . The first one concerned the theologian Giles of Rome, and was concluded before March 28, 1277 with the censure of fifty-one propositions taken from Giles's commentary on the Sentences . The second doctrinal inquiry was aimed against Thomas Aquinas. It was begun after Giles's censure, but still before March 28, 1277. According to Robert Wielockx,, the inquiry against Thomas Aquinas was never completed. Basing his conclusions on evidence provided in a letter by John Pecham, Wielockx claimed that during the vacancy of the Apostolic See, sometime between May 20 and November 25, 1277, Tempier received orders from the curia to stop his investigation.
The Events Leading Up to March 7, 1277
- The traditional picture of the events leading to Bishop Tempier’scondemnation looks something like this. On January 18, 1277 Pope JohnXXI informed Stephen Tempier, Bishop of Paris, in a letter that he hadheard rumors of heresy and charged him with the task of examining(facias inspici ve…
The Juridical Context of Tempier’S Condemnation
- Tempier’s condemnation is only one of the approximately sixteenlists of censured theses that were issued at the University of Parisduring the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Most of these lists ofpropositions were put together into systematic collections ofprohibited articles. One of the earliest of these collections ofmedieval condemned articles originated towards the end of thethi…
What Was Condemned?
- The condemnation of 1277 not only covered the already mentionedsyllabus of 219 errors, but also the work “Deamore” by Andreas Capellanus, a treatise on geomancy withthe incipit “Estimaverunt Indi” and the explicit“Racionare ergo super eum, et invenies, etc.” –which has not yet been identified – and unnamed treatises onnecromancy, witchcraft, or fortune-telling. Of interest to hi…
The Doctrinal Significance of Tempier’S Condemnation
- Tempier’s condemnation has often been depicted as the most dramaticand significant doctrinal censure in the history of the University ofParis, and a landmark in the history of medieval philosophy andtheology. Yet, the doctrinal significance of the condemnation hasreceived very diverse assessments. Since the appearance of the studiesby Pierre Mandonnet and Fernand va…
Tempier’S Other 1277 Condemnations
- Although Tempier’s action of March 7, 1277 is best known in thehistoriography of philosophy, mention should also be made of twoadditional doctrinal investigations of 1277 that are attributed toBishop Tempier. The first one concerned the theologian Giles of Rome,and was concluded before March 28, 1277 with the censure of fifty-onepropositions taken from Giles’s commentary …
Overview
The Condemnations at the medieval University of Paris were enacted to restrict certain teachings as being heretical. These included a number of medieval theological teachings, but most importantly the physical treatises of Aristotle. The investigations of these teachings were conducted by the Bishops of Paris. The Condemnations of 1277 are traditionally linked to an investigation request…
Condemnation of 1277
The chain of events leading up to Bishop Tempier's condemnation of 1277 is still not entirely clear. The Catholic Encyclopedia records that the theologians of the University of Paris had been very uneasy due to the antagonism that existed between Christian dogmas and certain Peripatetic doctrines. According to the historian Edward Grant, the theologians desired to condemn Aristotle's teachin…
Condemnation of 1210
The Condemnation of 1210 was issued by the provincial synod of Sens, which included the Bishop of Paris as a member (at the time Pierre II de la Chapelle [fr]). The writings of a number of medieval scholars were condemned, apparently for pantheism, and it was further stated that: "Neither the books of Aristotle on natural philosophy or their commentaries are to be read at Paris in public or secret, and this we forbid under penalty of excommunication." However, this had onl…
Condemnation of 1270
By 1270, the ban on Aristotle's natural philosophy was a dead letter. Nevertheless, the Bishop of Paris, Étienne Tempier, convened a meeting of conservative theologians and in December 1270 banned the teaching of certain Aristotelian and Averroist doctrines at Paris. Thirteen propositions were listed as false and heretical, some relating to Averroes' doctrine of the soul and the doctr…
See also
• History of Science in the Middle Ages
• Medieval university
• Renaissance of the 12th century
Notes
1. ^ Hans Thijssen (2003). "Condemnation of 1277". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. University of Stanford. Retrieved 2009-09-14.
2. ^ Woods, pp. 91–92
3. ^ Grant (1974), p. 42
4. ^ Théry, pp. 7 ff.
External links
• Duhem, Pierre, "History of Physics", from the Catholic Encyclopedia
• "Right, for the wrong reason" from The Economist.
• Thijssen, Hans, "Condemnation of 1277" from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
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