One way to reduce hazardous chemical use is to prevent problems from occurring in the first place. Treating spots as soon as they occur, pouring baking soda on fresh spills in the oven, and periodically pouring washing soda and hot water down the drain are ways to avoid situa-tions where only harsh chemicals will work. The "Alternatives" fact sheets on fleas, moths and spiders, ants, flies and cockroaches detail meth-ods of preventing problems from these pests. In the yard and garden, proper plant selection and care will help to resist diseases and weeds.
PVC is used for a wide range of consumer products and industrial pro-cesses. It is used for packaging such as cling film, bottles and vacuum packs. In the construction industry, PVC is used for window frames, paneling, pipes, gutters, and cables. Around the home, it is found in food wraps, toys, flooring, wallpaper, blinds, shower curtains and garden furniture. In the office, PVC is found in furniture, binders, folders and pens. It is used in the vehicle industry for car interiors; in hospitals for medical disposables, including IV bags and tubes; for imitation leather, for credit cards, and for scores of other products. The presence of PVC may or may not be identified by the number 3 in a small triangle somewhere on the product. The annual global production of PVC is about 20 million tons.
Product labels can provide clues to the hazard of the product. They may not say "hazardous," but other words mean the same thing: "flammable," "corrosive," "reactive," "explosive," "toxic," "poisonous," "volatile," "combustible" or "caustic." All of these products should be han-dled with care and attention given to the direc-tions on the label for safe use.
Waste from Linn and Benton Counties goes to the Coffin Butte Landfill. If toxic materials are placed in a landfill they will be more concentrat-ed than if used uniformly in the environment.
True or false: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) will not approve pesticides that can harm humans or the environment. Answer: False.
Perhaps the most fundamental form of technology for the protection of intellectual property is controlling access to information (i.e., determining whether the requester is permitted to access the information). A basic form of such control has been a part of the world of operating systems software almost from the time operating systems were first implemented, offering limited but useful security. In its simplest form, an access control system keeps track of the identity of each member of the user community, the identities of the data objects, and the privileges (reading, altering, executing, and so on) that each user has for each object. The system consults this information whenever it receives a service request and either grants or denies the request depending on what the privilege indicates.
The final technological step is to reduce the opportunities for this to happen. Two basic elements are required: (1) just-in-time and on-site encrypting and (2) close control of the input/output properties of the machine that will display the content.
On-site decryption involves placing the decryption hardware and the sound-generation hardware as physically close as possible, minimizing the opportunity to capture the decrypted content as it passes from one place to another inside (or outside) the computer. 13.
The goal of encryption is to scramble objects so that they are not understandable or usable until they are unscrambled. The technical terms for scrambling and unscrambling are "encrypting" and "decrypting." Encryption facilitates IP management by protecting content against disclosure or modification both during transmission and while it is stored. If content is encrypted effectively, copying the files is nearly useless because there is no access to the content without the decryption key. Software available off the shelf provides encryption that is for all practical purposes unbreakable, although much of the encrypting software in use today is somewhat less robust.
Technical protection offers additional important services, including verifying the authenticity of information (i.e., indicating whether it comes from the source claimed and whether it has been altered—either inadvertently or fraudulently).
The evolution of technology is challenging the status quo of IP management in many ways. This section and Appendix E focus on technical protection services (TPSs) that may be able to assist in controlling the distribution of digital intellectual property on the Internet. 1 The focus here is on how technical tools can assist in meeting the objectives stated throughout the report, as well as what they cannot do and what must therefore be sought elsewhere. Appendix Explores how the tools work, details what each kind of tool brings to bear on the challenges described throughout the report, and projects the expected development and deployment for each tool. For ease of exposition,m the presentation in this chapter is framed in terms of protecting individual objects (texts, music albums, movies, and so on); however,many of the issues raised are applicable to collections ( e.g., libraries and databases), 2 and many of the techniques discussed are relevant to them as well.
Business models add a third, powerful element to the mix, one that can serve as an effective means of making more digital content available in new ways and that can be an effective deterrent to illegitimate uses of IP.
Not only are they convenient, but they also provide a host of benefits for people of any age. Older people can use tablets to video chat with friends and family (and grand kids, of course) on apps such as Skype or FaceTime. There are also apps for tracking appointments, health or medication reminders. You also have the basic abilities to send and receive photos, email, browsing the Internet, listen to music and watch movies.
Mark is the Founder of AgeInPlace.com. He also is a consultant and mentor who helps business and organizational leaders serving people over age 50 to reach, market and sell to their best clients more effectively, so they can substantially increase revenue and help more people.
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