What drugs are used to treat high blood pressure?
start with diuretics for stage 1 hypertension add beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin receptor blockers as tolerated start with two-drug combination for stage hypertension
What is the best diuretic to treat hypertension?
In at least some persons with essential hypertension, renin, angiotensin, and aldosterone play crucial roles. Spironolactone is a diuretic that acts by inhibiting the aldosterone receptor in the collecting tubules of the kidney. (Chapter 11, p.183) #9
Which drug class should be added as a second step in hypertension?
BB Beta Blockers Use. Can be used for hypertension in combination with other anti-hypertensives. 1&2 HTN with duiretics and MI ,angia. BB Beta Blockers Common Effects. Bradycardia, peripheral vasoconstriction (purple, mottled skin); heart failure; bronchospasm, wheezing; masks hypoglycemia in diabetic patients.
What are the different types of diuretic drugs?
Drugs used to control hypertension -Diuretics -Beta blockers -Alpha adrenergic blockers -Calcium channel blockers -ACE inhibitors -ARBs -Peripheral vasodilators Patient education: crucial to success -Drowsiness may occur within first 2 weeks -Orthostatic hypotension precautions -Leg exercises prevent blood pooling in legs
Which diuretic is used for hypertension?
Thiazide diuretics Thiazides are the most commonly prescribed diuretics. They're most often used to treat high blood pressure. These drugs not only decrease fluids, they also cause your blood vessels to relax.
What classes of medications are used to treat hypertension?
The classes of blood pressure medications include:Diuretics.Beta-blockers.ACE inhibitors.Angiotensin II receptor blockers.Calcium channel blockers.Alpha blockers.Alpha-2 Receptor Agonists.Combined alpha and beta-blockers.More items...•Oct 31, 2017
Why are diuretics used to treat chronic hypertension?
Diuretics, sometimes called water pills, help rid your body of salt (sodium) and water. Most of these medicines help your kidneys release more sodium into your urine. The sodium helps remove water from your blood, decreasing the amount of fluid flowing through your veins and arteries. This reduces blood pressure.
What assessments should be made prior to administration of the following medications cefazolin?
Instruct patient to report signs of leukopenia and neutropenia (fever, sore throat, signs of infection) or thrombocytopenia (bruising, nose bleeds, and bleeding gums). Report these signs to the physician. Monitor injection site for pain, swelling, and irritation.
What is the best treatment for hypertension?
The two classes of medication are both recommended as "first-line" treatments for high blood pressure: angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs). ACE inhibitors have been around longer and studied more extensively, so doctors prescribe them more often.Jul 26, 2021
Is amlodipine a diuretic?
Amlodipine is a calcium channel blocker, and valsartan is an angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB). They both work by relaxing blood vessels so blood can flow more easily. Hydrochlorothiazide is called a "water pill" (diuretic) and causes your body to get rid of extra salt and water by making more urine.
Which of the following drug is treatment for diuretics?
Thiazide diuretics Thiazides are the most commonly prescribed diuretics. They're most often used to treat high blood pressure. These drugs not only decrease fluids, they also cause your blood vessels to relax. Thiazides are sometimes taken with other medications used to lower blood pressure.
What are the 5 types of diuretics?
Understanding the 5 Classes of DiureticsLoop Diuretics. Loop diuretics have their effects in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. ... Thiazides and Thiazide-Like Diuretics. ... Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors. ... Potassium-Sparing Diuretics. ... Osmotic Diuretics. ... Nursing Considerations.Oct 4, 2021
What are the 3 types of diuretics?
There are three types of diuretics:Loop-acting diuretics, such as Bumex®, Demadex®, Edecrin® or Lasix®. ... Potassium-sparing diuretics, such as Aldactone®, Dyrenium® or Midamor®. ... Thiazide diuretics, such as Aquatensen®, Diucardin® or Trichlorex®.
What is cefazolin used to treat?
Cefazolin is used to treat bacterial infections in many different parts of the body. This medicine is also given before certain types of surgery to prevent infections. Cefazolin belongs to the class of medicines known as cephalosporin antibiotics. It works by killing bacteria or preventing their growth.
What assessments should be made prior to administration of the following medications atenolol?
Before administering a Beta-1 antagonist such as atenolol, the nurse should assess the patient's apical pulse and blood pressure to confirm they are within normal range. Atenolol causes a negative inotropic effect by weakening the contraction of the heart and thus, decreases the patient's blood pressure.
What is Dizinil medication used for?
Diznil 25mg Tablet belongs to a class of medicines known as antihistamines. It is used to treat motion sickness (nausea due to motion, especially while traveling in a moving vehicle), vertigo (spinning sensation or dizziness), or Meniere's disease (problems with balance).Aug 27, 2021
Interactions
Diuretics increase the effectiveness or all other classes of antihypertensive agents. Therefore, almost any subject, except those with a contraindication, should receive a diuretic if their blood pressure requires more than one drug for its management.
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Adverse effects
Adverse Effects: Diuretics increase the excretion of potassium and can lead to hypokalemia (low blood potassium concentration) which predisposes to irregular heart beats, and muscular weakness. However, a combination of a thiazide or loop diuretic with a distal, potassium sparing agent (such as in the combined medications, Maxzide or Moduretic), prevents potassium loss a…
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Types
Different Drugs: Thiazide diuretics include: hydrochlorothiazide (usual starting dose 12.5 to 25 mg daily) or chlorthalidone (similar dose range). Loop diuretics include: furosemide (Lasix), bumetanide (Bumex), and torsemide (Demadex), torsemide has a rather longer duration and is preferred in patients with heart failure. Ethacrinic acid (Edecrin) is used in the rare patients who …
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Medical uses
ACEIs are widely used to treat hypertension because they are effective, have relatively few side effects and in reduce the complications of hypertension such as heart attacks and strokes. They have a special use in patients with diabetes mellitus who have protein the urine (diabetic nephropathy) and in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in whom they appeared to have …
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Examples
Individual Drugs: The following are examples of ACEIs in clinical practice: benazepril (Mylan), captopril (Capoten), enalapril (Vasotec), fosinopril (Monopril), Lisinopril (Prinivil), moexipril (Univasc), quinapril (Accupril), ramipril (Altace) and trandolapril (Mavik). There are some small differences in how long these drugs act in the circulation, they are relatively small and, with the e…
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Side effects
Biochemical changes with ACEIs are usually insignificant in patients with normal kidney function. However, in those with impaired kidneys, they can raise the serum potassium concentration to levels that are dangerous and require either a change in therapy, or increasing thiazide or loop diuretic dosage to promote potassium loss. Such patients should discuss with their physician o…
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Contraindications
Special Indications: As these include patients with chronic kidney disease (but see the adverse effects above), early diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, or left ventricular hypertrophy. These drugs will not be discussed in detail since they are used infrequently.
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Mechanism of action
This group of drugs was introduced next after diuretics, to be used for hypertension. They act on a part of the nervous system that controls blood pressure, known as the sympathetic nervous system. Blockade of the sympathetic nervous system reduces blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels, and decreasing the rate and force of contraction of the heart. Therefore, beta blockers a…
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Pharmacology
The actions of these agents are enhanced in patients taking diuretic drugs and therefore are a good second or third line selection in those patients who are not controlled with a diuretic and an ACEI or ARB. Unfortunately, alpha blockers have been shown to be less affective than other groups of blood pressure lowering agents in preventing the complications of heart failure and he…
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Categories
Individual drugs: They fall into two categories. The first are called dihydropyridine CCBs and include amlodipine (Norvasc), felodipine (Plendil), nifedipine (Procardia), and nicardipine (Cardene). The second, termed nondihydropyridine CCBs include two drugs, diltiazem (Dilacor, Cardizem, Cartia, and Tiazac), and verapamil (Calan, Covera, Isoptin, Verelan). Both groups are e…
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Effects
Non-dihydropyridine CCBs cause cardiac slowing. This typically reduces the heart rate by about 10%. It can be beneficial in some patients with a fast heart rate or who have irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation), but in those with a slow initial heart rate, it can cause symptoms of decreased cardiac output (tiredness, lethargy, and dizziness on exertion). This group of drugs also can cau…
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Research
This is a rapidly developing field with extensive research, both by Centre scientists in the laboratory and clinical investigators in patients with hypertension. The following outlines some of the areas of research conducted at the Centre at Georgetown. Research at the Hypertension, Kidney and Vascular Research Centre at Georgetown has focused on a different path, namely dr…
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Pathophysiology
Oxidative stress occurs in cells and tissues of the body when oxygen reacts to form toxic molecules called reactive oxygen species (ROS). These can inactivate the normal signaling pathways between cells, damage cell membranes and proteins, and alter the DNA that forms the basis of our genes. Therefore, oxidative stress has widespread effects in the body. Increasing ev…
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Cause
Amongst those factors that are under our control which influence the probability of developing hypertension, an excessive dietary salt intake is probably the most important. Research in animal models at Georgetown at the Center for Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Research has linked dietary salt intake with oxidative stress that may underlie the hypertension and adverse consequ…
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Resources
For further information about how to support the research in Georgetown Universitys Center for Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Research, please see Georgetown Universitys Office of Advancement.
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