which of the following is/are external costs of mining course hero

Who determines the maximum contaminant levels for drinking water?

How are primary and secondary air pollutants formed?

What is the main cause of undernutrition and food insecurity globally?

Why are forests important to the hydrologic cycle?

Is human development allowed in wilderness areas?

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Who determines the maximum contaminant levels for drinking water?

It required the EPA to determine the maximum contaminant levels for drinking water.

How are primary and secondary air pollutants formed?

Primary air pollutants are released directly into the atmosphere, while secondary air pollutants are formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere.

What is the main cause of undernutrition and food insecurity globally?

The main cause of undernutrition and food insecurity globally is lack of available food.

Why are forests important to the hydrologic cycle?

Forests play an important role in the hydrologic cycle by: recycling 75% of precipitation to the atmosphere by transpiration and evaporation. Conventional forestry practices that manage for timber production:

Is human development allowed in wilderness areas?

No human development is allowed in wilderness areas.

What are the external costs of coal?

In economics, an external cost, or externality, is a negative effect of an economic activity on a third party. When coal is mined and used to generate power, external costs include the impacts of water pollution, toxic coal waste, air pollution, and the long-term damage to ecosystems and human health.

How many premature deaths are caused by coal?

In the previous version of this study, done in 2004, it was estimated that coal pollution caused about 24,000 premature deaths annually. The authors cited EPA action in 2005 under the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) as resulting in the declining mortality figures. Though CAIR was struck down in Federal court in 2008, the pollution reduction requirements remain in effect until a replacement is established. In making their projections, the authors of the study assume similarly stringent requirements will be in place for the remainder of 2010.

How are fine particulates released?

Fine particulates are released directly from coal plants and also produced indirectly by sulfur dioxide emissions. According to a 2004 study released by the Clean Air Task Force, fine particulates from power plants result in nearly 24,000 annual deaths, with 14 years lost on average for each death.

How many people died from coal in 2010?

A 2010 report from the Clean Air Task Force, The Toll From Coal found that, in the United States, particle pollution from existing coal power plants is expected to cause some 13,200 premature deaths in 2010, as well as 9,700 additional hospitalizations and 20,000 heart attacks.

How much electricity does coal produce?

Coal power, with about 340,000 megawatts of generating capacity, today produces about half of US electricity. After expected emissions upgrades, the coal fleet will continue to have plants, producing about 103,000 megawatts, that are still "lacking any major emission controls," the study says.

How much CO2 does a coal plant emit?

Further, coal-fired power plants are the single largest source of greenhouse gases in the U.S., emitting on average about a ton of CO2 per megawatt-hour of electricity produced, creating climate-related monetary damages range from 0.1 cents to 10 cents per kilowatt-hour, based on modeling studies.

How much damage did coal do to the environment in 2005?

According to the National Research Council report, in 2005 the total annual external damages from sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter created by burning coal at 406 coal-fired power plants (which produce 95 percent of the nation's coal-generated electricity), were about $62 billion.

What is a portion of mineral resource that is identified and from usable materials?

A portion of mineral resource that is identified and from usable materials can be legally and economically extracted at the time of evaluation

What causes acid mine drainage?

acid mine drainage due to acidic run-off from coal tailings (wastes)- sulfur dissolves in water and form sulfuric acid

Where does magma cool?

in earth's mantle, as magma cools, and at plate boundaries

Is the cost to the environment reflected in the price of the products that produce the pollution?

the cost to the environment is not reflected in the price of the products that produce the pollution

Who determines the maximum contaminant levels for drinking water?

It required the EPA to determine the maximum contaminant levels for drinking water.

How are primary and secondary air pollutants formed?

Primary air pollutants are released directly into the atmosphere, while secondary air pollutants are formed by chemical reactions in the atmosphere.

What is the main cause of undernutrition and food insecurity globally?

The main cause of undernutrition and food insecurity globally is lack of available food.

Why are forests important to the hydrologic cycle?

Forests play an important role in the hydrologic cycle by: recycling 75% of precipitation to the atmosphere by transpiration and evaporation. Conventional forestry practices that manage for timber production:

Is human development allowed in wilderness areas?

No human development is allowed in wilderness areas.