The different types of banding are G-banding, reverse-banding, C-banding, Q-banding, NOR-banding, and T-banding. Giemsa stain is used in G-banding whereas quinacrine is used in Q-banding.
G-banding involves the staining of trypsin-treated chromosomes and R-banding involves denaturing in hot acidic saline followed by Giemsa staining. C-banding is specifically used for identifying heterochromatin by denaturing chromosomes in a saturated alkaline solution followed by Giemsa staining.
In humans, G-banding is used to identify chromosome abnormalities and rearrangements in genetic diseases and cancers. Banding is also valuable for the identification of chromosome rearrangements that have occurred in the course of evolution.
Generalized banding techniques have included Q-banding, reverse banding, and G-banding [12,30,31]. Specific staining protocols include C-banding and staining of the nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) using a silver stain (Ag-NOR).
a technique of chromosomal staining in which chromosomes are exposed to alkaline and then acid conditions, in order to reveal bands of constitutive HETEROCHROMATIN that are identified with Giemsa stain.
Summary. The N-banding technique was used to stain the nucleolus organiser of the karyotype of Asellus aquaticus (Crust. Isop.). Observations were made on the morphological expression of nucleolus organisers as secondary constrictions and the presence of nucleoli in mitotic prophase.
A stain method in which chromosomes are heated in a phosphate buffer, then treated with Giemsa stain to produce a banding pattern that is the reverse of that produced in G-banding.
G-banding, G banding or Giemsa banding is a technique used in cytogenetics to produce a visible karyotype by staining condensed chromosomes. It is useful for identifying genetic diseases through the photographic representation of the entire chromosome complement.
QFQ-banding (Q banding). This fluorescent staining method, which uses quinacrine, is used to identify individual chromosomes and their structural anomalies, given the resulting banding pattern. The characteristic banding pattern can be used to identify each chromosome accurately.
Heterochromatin is defined as the area of the chromosome which is darkly stained with a DNA specific stain and is in comparatively condensed form. Euchromatin is defined as the area of the chromosome which is rich in gene concentration and actively participates in the transcription process.
Initially four basic types of banding techniques were recognized for the identification of Human chromosome complement (Q, C, G and R bands) and later on two additional major type of bands were developed (N and T bands) for complete identification of the chromosome complement (Figure 4).
By applying specific stains, the banding patterns become apparent. Other types of banding are reverse (R-) banding, constitutive heterochromatin (C-) banding, quinacrine (Q-) banding, Nucleolar Organizer Region (NOR-) banding, and telomeric R (T-) banding.
1. The outermost layer of the skin (the epidermis) protects the underlying structures from the environment. PROTECTING UNDERLYING STRUCTURES
1. Fibers that are flexible but resist stretching COLLAGEN FIBERS
3. The epithelium of the skin prevents the entry of many toxic molecules and microorganisms into the body. ACTING AS BARRIERS
1. Cells that form fibers and ground substance in the extracellular matrix FIBROBLASTS
The 10 AWG copper conductor used to bond the equipment grounding terminal bar of normal and essential panelboards serving the same patient care vicinity is not permitted to be broken and must be continuous without a splice. (T/F)
Metal faceplates on switches and receptacles installed in patient care locations are required to be connected to two equipment grounding conductor paths that are specified for branch circuits in Section 517.13. (T/F)
In hazardous (classified) locations, it is vital to have effective grounding and bonding to facilitate fast overcurrent protective device operation and prevent explosions. (T/F)
conductor not smaller than 10 AWG.
Where the branch circuit serving a Category 2 patient care space is a 30-ampere circuit, what is the minimum size required for an insulated copper equipment grounding conductor?
Section 517.13 (A) requires that all ... serving patient care spaces be provided with a ground path for fault current by installation in a metal raceway system or cable armor or sheath assembly that qualifies as an equipment grounding conductor in accordance with Section 250.118.
Where flexible metal conduit is installed for a 20-ampere circuit in a Class I, Division 2 location, it shall comply with the requirements of 250.118 (5) to perform as an effective path for ground-fault current. (T/F)