which of the following is a factor that affects people perceieve risk course hero

How do the characteristics of a situation affect risk perception?

Surveys have found that the following pairs of characteristics of a situation generally affect risk perception. Familiarity with a given technology or a situation helps reduce the level of the perceived risk. The perceived risk increases when the technology or situation, such as EMF, is new, unfamiliar, or hard-to-comprehend.

What are the factors that influence consumer perceptions of risk?

Nevertheless, realities, personal experience and perceptions, social interactions, culture and personal judgement also influence consumer perceptions of risk (Boholm, 1998;Rogers, 1997; Sjoberg, 2000). Socio-environmental conditions variously affect social interaction and subsequently intelligent learning in risk appraisal. ...

What are the characteristics of a risk?

- People tend to see themselves as having control over events, even those heavily determined by chance, particularly in the West 2) Key characteristics of a risk - Risks are found to have certain characteristics and perceptions of them are based upon these - Most important characteristic in perception of the risk is how DREADED it is

Why do unknown risks seem to be more risky?

Risks that we have not encountered before cause us to spend more time thinking about them and may well seem more risky. This may be because, as a safety factor, we often up the risk assessment of unknown risks. 7.

What is comparative risk?

One aspect of understanding comparative risks is understanding how people perceive risks. The nature of a risk often leads to different perceptions of the risk by the people affected.

Why are social justice issues raised?

Issues of social justice may be raised because of unfair EMF exposure. For example, if facilities were installed in poor neighbourhoods for economic reasons (e.g. cheaper land), the local community would unfairly bear the potential risks.

Why is perception about the level of risk significantly increased?

Perception about the level of risk can be significantly increased if there is an incomplete scientific understanding about potential health effects from a particular situation or technology.

Why is it important to know about a given technology?

Familiarity with a given technology or a situation helps reduce the level of the perceived risk. The perceived risk increases when the technology or situation, such as EMF, is new, unfamiliar, or hard-to-comprehend.

Do people feel less at risk when choosing a phone?

Those who do not use mobile telephones may perceive the risk as high from the relatively low RF fields emitted from mobile telephone base stations. However, mobile telephone users generally perceive as low the risk from the much more intense RF fields from their voluntarily chosen handsets.

Do people have to say about power lines?

If people do not have any say about installation of power lines and mobile telephone base stations, especially near their homes, schools or play areas, they tend to perceive the risk from such EMF facilities as being high.

Do you have to have a mobile phone to use RF?

If people are exposed to RF fields from mobile telephone base stations, but do not have a mobile telephone, or if they are exposed to the electric and magnetic fields from a high voltage transmission line that does not provide power to their community, they may not perceive any direct benefit from the installation and are less likely to accept the associated risk.

What are the long term effects of nuclear accidents?

For example, results of the Fukushima Health Management Survey (FHMS) show serious mental health issues especially among different vulnerable groups, including senior citizens and mothers with small children. Complex psycho-social consequences issues related to the psychological well-being and mental health have noticeably emerged in the post-accident phase of the nuclear accident. These health problems tend to be connected with sudden and prolonged evacuation, high perceived risks and anxiety regarding radiation in the affected area. It is essential to continue carefully monitor both direct and indirect health effects and mitigate the overall health risks (whole-health management) in order to improve health and living conditions of the affected population and at the same time help with the revitalization and recovery efforts. This chapter provides a brief overview of indirect health consequences of radiation currently prevalent in the Fukushima Prefecture area due to the nuclear accident which occurred in March 2011 and discusses how we can address them and become better prepared for similar such accidents in future.

What is the main economic activity of Pakistan?

Agriculture is considered the backbone of Pakistan's economy, which relies heavily on its major crops. There are vast gaps between the acquired and actual output of produce, which suffers due to a lack of appropriate technology, use of inputs at improper times, unavailability of water and land use and inadequate education about insect pest control, which not only negatively affects the produce but also significantly reduces the amount of produce. Farmers mainly use synthetic chemicals for the control of insect pests, but these are used unwisely. To emphasize the major shortfalls and actual performance of major field crops, this study investigated the relationship between agricultural GDP and the output of major crops, including wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize and cotton, in Pakistan over a period of 65 years from 1950 to 2015. Time series data were collected from the Economic Survey of Pakistan (various publications). Crop data were analysed using the ordinary least square method and the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test, and the results were interpreted using Johansen's co-integration test. Our study finds that the output of wheat, rice and cotton has a positive and significant relationship with the agricultural GDP of Pakistan, while the output of sugarcane has a negative and non-significant relationship with the agricultural GDP of Pakistan. Therefore, this study recommends that the government of Pakistan should launch new funding programmes for the development of the agricultural sector

How does risk communication help in disasters?

However, effective risk communication alone, even if it is based on sound science, does not guarantee the most appropriate behavioral response. As noted in the forum discussion, risk communication is the effort to convince people that a risk is real and describe what its characteristics are as well as providing information on what can be done about it. Risk perception is a major factor in this process.

What is the indigenous residential zone of Ogbomoso?

This study examined Residents’ evaluation of turning transport infrastructure (road) to spaces for holding social ceremonies in the indigenous residential zone of Ogbomoso, an indigenous city in Oyo State, Nigeria. Upon stratifying the city into the three identifiable zones, the core, otherwise known as the indigenous residential zone was isolated for study. Of the twenty (20) political wards in the two local government areas of the town, fifteen (15) wards that were totally or almost totally located in the indigenous zone constituted the study area. Respondents were selected along one out of every three (33.3%) of the Trunk – C (local) roads being the one mostly used for the purpose in the study area. The respondents were the residents, commercial motorists, commercial motorcyclists, and celebrants. Six hundred and forty-two (642) questionnaire were administered and harvested on the spot. The Mean Analysis generated from the respondents’ rating of twelve perceived hazards (resulting from turning roads to space for holding social ceremonies) listed in the questionnaire were then used to determine respondents’ most highly rated perceived consequences of the practice (noisy environment, Blockage of drainage by waste, and Endangering the life of the sick on the way to hospital); the most highly rated reasons why the practice came into being (lack of strict enforcement of the law against the action, and high cost of renting halls); and level of acceptability of the practice (found to be very unacceptable) in the study area. Policy makers should therefore focus their attention on strict enforcement of the law prohibiting the practice in order to ensure more cordial relationship among the citizenry, seeing citizens’ unacceptability of the practice in the study area.

How is public flood insurance used as a proxy for risk?

For the purposes of this article, public flood insurance premiums are used as a proxy for risk; higher premiums suggest greater risk, while lower premiums suggest lowered risk. By using coastal flood insurance as a proxy for flood risk, subjective factors of risk are highlighted and contextualized. The goal is to provide the reader with an example of the importance of considering both objective and subjective risk factors when developing and implementing climate change policies that make investments today to protect against future harm.

What is risk perception?

Risk perception is a phenomenon in search of an explanation. Several approaches are discussed in this paper. Technical risk estimates are sometimes a potent factor in accounting for perceived risk, but in many important applications it is not. Heuristics and biases, mainly availability, account for only a minor portion of risk perception, and media contents have not been clearly implicated in risk perception. The psychometric model is probably the leading contender in the field, but its explanatory value is only around 20% of the variance of raw data. Adding a factor of "unnatural risk" considerably improves the psychometric model. Cultural Theory, on the other hand, has not been able to explain more than 5-10% of the variance of perceived risk, and other value scales have similarly failed. A model is proposed in which attitude, risk sensitivity, and specific fear are used as explanatory variables; this model seems to explain well over 30-40% of the variance and is thus more promising than previous approaches. The model offers a different type of psychological explanation of risk perception, and it has many implications, e.g., a different approach to the relationship between attitude and perceived risk, as compared with the usual cognitive analysis of attitude.

Why are tsunamis so dangerous?

Coastal hazards that can strike with little or no warning, such as tsunamis, are problematic in terms of population exposure and the threat of loss of life. With projected increases in coastal populations, exposure is likely to increase among these communities. For near-field tsunamis, the evacuation window can be as little as 15 to 20 min, and evacuation can be problematic for numerous reasons, such as population demographics, limited road networks, local topographic constraints, lack of proper education, and misaligned risk perception of the general populace. It is therefore critical for tsunami evacuation planning and education to be highly effective. To address this need, we employed a participatory mapping approach to explore potential evacuation enhancement by evaluating existing least-cost path pedestrian evacuation models, perception of landscape constraints, and additional risks to nearfield tsunamis in Aberdeen, Washington. Stakeholders were tasked with drawing their understood evacuation routes on maps which were analyzed for approximate time to reach safety and compared to least-cost path pedestrian evacuation models. A quantitative analysis of selected evacuation pathways revealed participants consistently overestimated evacuation time and did not follow modeled least-cost pathways. The results suggest traditional modeling (e.g., least-cost path and agent-based models) underestimate travel time to safety. Thus, there is a need for additional outreach, notably in communities where traditional evacuation models might create a false sense of security.

Kenn Beer Follow

Lower speed limits reduce road trauma. The evidence is unquestionable (see the Speed Limit Series - Paper 2 from Safe System Solutions Pty Ltd if you need convincing). But the data, science and evidence aren’t enough when we’re dealing with something that impacts the community daily.

So, what does this mean in practice?

Amongst the road safety community the Safe System is a well-accepted philosophy. The general principles are easily understood and accepted. In Australia, the principles of the Safe System philosophy are filtering their way into the minds of road policy decision makers and road practitioners.

About the Author

Kenn Beer is the Principal Engineer at Safe System Solutions Pty Ltd.

Rania Saad

Kenn Beer I am very impressed by your article and reading it for the third time , not only from speed management perspective but overall for any injury topic and the way we need to use the data. While road safety have great expertise but I believe this need to be looked in any project dealing with an injury topic affected directly by the public

Ken Pedlow

I think two issues are getting mixed 1) accident prevention 2) limiting damage / injury when accidents occur. How much analsis has been done on the root cause of accidents? I would like to think you could do the analysis then put in place measures based upon major accident causation factors.

Carol Jadzia Beauchemin

No such thing as root cause Ken, it only displays the point of traditional blame stops looking when it's found someone to point at. It's also the point where system thinkers start as if one person can make a mistake, others will too.

Philip Blake

Thank you for sharing this article which I found very interesting and insightful.

What is the United States culture?

The United States is comprised of a culture that accepts a wide array of personal behaviors and attitudes, foods, dress, and other products and services.

What is Karen's father's job?

Karen's father is an executive for a major international corporation and has been transferred to various countries over the years. With each move, Karen is enrolled in a new school. Even though English is spoken in the schools she attends, there are students from all over the world whose parents have jobs similar to Karen's father. With each new school, Karen spends the first few weeks merely observing the other students to learn which behaviors are appropriate in specific situations because she's learned that at each school the kids behave differently. Karen is attempting to learn that student body's specific _____ regarding behavior.

Why are mature spokespersons more successful in Asian cultures?

A) Mature spokespersons would tend to be more successful in Asian cultures because they have traditionally valued the wisdom that comes with age.

What does Asian society value?

Asian societies (i.e., Japan) value collective activity. That is, consumers look toward others for guidance in purchase decisions and do not respond favorably to promotional appeals focusing on individualism. Which category of cultural values does this represent?

How late does Jose come to class?

He routinely comes to class 30-60 minutes late and does not turn in assignments by the deadline. One of his professors pulled him aside and asked him why he's always late for class and turns his work in late. Jose was surprised that his professor was bothered by this as this behavior is entirely acceptable in Brazil.

Why is Jake looking at cars?

Jake is in the market for a new car. He's looking at brands such as Mercedes, Lexus, and BMW because he feels they tell other people that he's successful in life. This is an illustration of which value?

Where is Howard Industries located?

Howard Industries is a computer manufacturer located in Laurel, MS. This company is interested in expanding internationally. Which of the following is a cultural factor that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy that Howard Industries needs to be aware of?

What does it mean when you have choice between two equally risky items?

If I have choice between two equally risky items, then I may well perceive that the risk is lower than it actually is , probably from the sense of control that having a choice gives me.

What happens when there are opportunities as well as risks mixed up together?

If there are opportunities as well as risks mixed up together and a choice could lead to benefits, this can make the actual risk being seen as being less than it actually still is.

Why are risks that we have not encountered before more risky?

This may be because, as a safety factor, we often up the risk assessment of unknown risks.

Why are natural disasters less risky than human-created disasters?

Sometimes natural disasters seem less risky than human-created ones, perhaps because we have more control over human events. The reverse effect can also be true for the same reasons -- the lack of ability to control such as the weather can also make it seem more scary.

Is it more difficult to make a decision to undergo a surgical procedure if you are the person affected?

If I am the subject of risk, then I am likely to assess the risk as being higher than if I am a bystander. It is thus more difficult to make a decision to undergo a surgical procedure if you are the person affected.

Is perceived risk the same as actual risk?

Actual and perceived risk are often very different. We use all kinds of short-cuts to guess the real risk and

Do we need control?

We all have a need for a sense of control and and often perceive that we have more control that we actually have.