A) Seyle's model fits all kinds of physical stressors that organisms may experience in the course of their lives.
A) They identified impatience as the only component that predicted death from heart disease at a 22-year follow-up.
C) Seyle's findings showed that an animal's response to a stressor differed depending on its psychological state and therefore cannot be generalized.
A) Hereditary factors are exclusively responsible for influencing a person's susceptibility to diseases.
C) An effective immune response occurs even before prior exposure to a particular antigen.
In the 1960s, the concept of the type A behavior pattern was introduced by cardiologists Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman to describe individuals who possessed excessive time urgency and free-floating hostility and who, by virtue of this behavior pattern, were believed to be coronary-prone.
Type A behavior was first assessed through clinical ratings applied to structured interviews or videotaped structured interviews, and these interview techniques have been further updated and expanded by Meyer Friedman and colleagues. The current technique combines both observations and subjective reporting of patients using eliciting remarks. The interview consists of multiple queries that are designed to elicit manifestation of time urgency and free-floating hostility that emerge for type A, but not for type B, individuals. Questions include “Do you mind very much waiting in grocery checkout, bank, or theater lines or waiting to be seated in a restaurant?” (time urgency) and “Do you often find it difficult to fall asleep or to continue to sleep because you are upset about something a person has done?” (hostility). Scoring is based on both endorsements of items and the presence of psychomotor signs. For time urgency, signs include aspects of facial tension, posture, speech, breathing, and perspiration. For free-floating hostility, these include facial expression, eyelid movement, vocal orientation, and hand clenching. For each item, scores are clinical ratings varying in assigned weights and ranges. Total scores range from 0 to 480, and a total score greater than 45 indicates the presence of type A traits.
The type A behavior pattern was originally described by cardiologists Friedman and Rosenman in the 1950s as a behavior pattern characterized by agitation, hostility, rapid speech, and an extremely competitive nature . The contrasting type B behavior pattern consists of a more laid-back style and a lack of ...
The high work pace and competitiveness associated with the type A behavior pattern are usually reinforced at work by giving the individual a higher income, appreciation, and a successful occupational career (higher rank). Consequently, efforts to modify this behavior pattern in healthy individuals have not been particularly successful. However, after a myocardial infarction individuals tend to be more motivated to change their lifestyle, and, indeed, a prospective intervention study has shown a reduced risk of reinfarction among individuals who were able to modify their type A behavior.
A variety of tactics are used to attract and retain the attention of others, including striking or sexually provocative clothing, flirtatious behavior, flattery, dramatized accounts of their past lives or current circumstances, and extravagant gestures.
As described, the characteristic features are attention-seeking behavior, shallow, labile emotions, and self-centered, demanding, interpersonal behavior. A variety of tactics are used to attract and retain the attention of others, including striking or sexually provocative clothing, flirtatious behavior, flattery, dramatized accounts of their past lives or current circumstances, and extravagant gestures.
The high work pace and competitiveness associated with the type A behavior pattern are usually reinforced at work by giving the individual a higher income, appreciation, and a successful occupational career (higher rank).