The just noticeable difference (JND), also known as the difference threshold, is the minimum level of stimulation that a person can detect 50% of the time.
An absolute threshold is the lowest intensity of a stimulus that a person notices at least 50% of the time. A difference threshold is the least difference between two stimuli that a person can notice.
A difference threshold is the minimum required difference between two stimuli for a person to notice change 50% of the time (and you already know where that “50% of the time” came from). The difference threshold is also called just noticeable difference, which translates the concept more clearly.
Which of the following is a definition of just noticeable difference (JND)? The maximum change in a stimulus to be noticed by the majority of people.
What is the difference between absolute threshold and difference threshold? Absolute threshold refers to the minimum amount of energy you can detect; Difference refers to the smallest amount of energy it takes for you to notice a difference in stimulation (50% of the time). You just studied 46 terms!
Difference Threshold. The smallest physical difference between two stimuli that can still be recognized as a difference; operationally defined as the point at which the stimuli are recognized as different half the time. Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
The concept of Just Noticeable Difference (JND) is widely used in the fields of physiology, psychology of perception, consumer behaviour and marketing practice. JND generally refers to a relative threshold in perception by humans.
The JND is a statistical, rather than an exact quantity: from trial to trial, the difference that a given person notices will vary somewhat, and it is therefore necessary to conduct many trials in order to determine the threshold. The JND usually reported is the difference that a person notices on 50% of trials.
Differential Threshold - the difference between two stimuli or between one level of a stimulus and another level of that stimulus, where stimulus refers to something that causes a change in an organism. In the example of the lipstick, the stimulus is sight - the visible colour of the lipstick.
subliminal messages - a message below the threshold; we receive it, but we are not consciously aware of it; the message is sensed, but is not selected for processing in working or short-term memory
absolute threshold (minimum amt of stimulus energy required for stimulus to be detected 50% of the time)
Ernst Weber's discovery that the difference threshold is a constant fraction of the original stimulus and bigger stimuli require larger differences to be noticed
afterimages (a product of the activation of ganglion cells which are adjacent to the light-sensitive cells of the retina)
with the results of the Sumby and Pollack study on the audiovisual advantage
Mason has a cochlear implant. He is able to hear bc the implant...
Wundt and Titchener would have considered problem solving to be part of immediate experience and should have been accessible to internal perception (introspection). Because Kulpe's discovery of "imageless thought" demonstrated that during problem solving, participants could not introspect about the processes used to arrive at the solution, this demonstrated that Wundt and Titchener were wrong.
Bottom-up and top-down processes are part of the process of converting sensation to perception, and per Gibson's direct perceptual theory, this conversion does not happen because sensations are not part of the perceptual experience. Because perception is an act of becoming directly aware of the world rather than construction mental representations, there is no need for processing of any kind (neither bottom-up nor top-down).
Third, the mind takes the sensations and attempts to make sense out of them by applying, in a top-down fashion, innate categories of thought. These innate categories contain the important information about the objects that we are perceiving, that is otherwise missing from the sensations. The output of this structuring process leads to step 4: perceiving the object.
Direct inner observation was the method employed by Wundt and Titchener. According to Brentano, it entailed "looking at yourself looking at an image". As a result, you are not really studying the immediate experience of looking at an image, but only a past act of looking at an image. Thus, Brentano argued that this method was not a valid way to study immediate experience, because the act of internal observation changes the object of observation. A second method was indirect inner observation, which entailed imagining yourself looking at an image, and thus recreating the immediate experience. This was considered a valid way of studying immediate experience. The third method was objective observation, which involved observing the behavior of subjects, and then inferring the conscious events that gave rise to those behaviors. This was the method eventually favored by modern cognitive psychology.
Reductionism is an approach to complex systems that aims to simplify them to their smallest possible unit, under the assumption that all of the complexity can be understood by understanding the basic processes. Titchener believe it was possible to break down (analyze) the mind into its fundamental units, and that to understand and study these fundamental units would then allow us to understand what consciousness (the mind) was.
Intentional realism is the theory that intentions are real (i.e., that other people have intentions and are not mindless robots). This idea is consistent with folk psychology and the intentional stance. Intentional eliminativism is a form of materialist monism that states that intentions are not real, and that behavior is automatic and reflexive.
This type of experience can be studied experimentally, using the methods of mental chronometry and internal perception. Mediate experience is the higher level of consciousness that underlies our understanding of the abstract. It can only be understood by using the methods of cultural anthropology, and literary/mythological analysis.