It involves non-specific responses to pathogens that have invaded the internal environment of the organism. The second line of defence involves specialist cells and white blood cells such as phagotcytes, macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, dendritic cells, complement proteins and mast cells.
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· The adaptive/acquired immune response is the body's second line of defense against non-self pathogens. The adaptive immune response is tailored to the pathogen in question. It is in charge of attacking non-self pathogens but can occasionally make mistakes and attack itself. When invading organisms pass through the first line of defense, our ...
1. it raises body temperature above the optimal temperature range for the growth of many pathogens, thus slowing their growth when fever occurs. 2. Increases the rate of chemical …
The second line of defence is a group of cells, tissues and organs that work together to protect the body. This is the immune system.
white blood cells (leukocytes) which engulf pathogens by extending pseudopods to surround it.
Second Line of Defense actions include: recognition, inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, interferons, and complement.
Inflammation, fever, phagocytosis, interferon, and complement are all part of the second line defenses.
The second line of defence is (like the first line of defence): - innate: not learned and non-adaptive which means it cannot adjust. - non-specific: a response to a pathogen regardless of its type. The second line of defence takes action when the first line of defence has failed. It involves structures of the body and the cells they produce ...
The body reacts in a number of ways to try and get rid of pathogens once they have entered the body, such as inflammation, fever, apoptosis, phagocytosis, interferon and complement.
Histamine is released from cells (such as basophils) and promotes vasodilation, which is the widening of blood vessels, in the affected region. This causes an increase in blood flow and therefore cells (that use blood as a mode of transportation), and help to protect against infection.
Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream. ANTIGEN PRESENTING
Enter phagocytes which prevents fusion of the lysosome, kill phagocytes, hide inside other cells.
Antimicrobial proteins in the second line of defense
barrier defenses such as movement of mucus, cilia which traps microbes.
Tuberculosis, resists breakdown within lysosomes after being engulfed by a host cell
adaptations have evolved in some pathogens that enable them to avoid destruction by phagocytic cells. The outer capsule of some bacteria interferes with molecular recognition
extension of the cell called psuedopodia which engulfs pathogens
any of a class of cytokines with functions that include attracting white blood cells to sites of infection.
A response to a wide range of pathogens: when a small set of receptor proteins bind to molecules or structures common to viruses, bacteria, or other molecules. This triggers internal defenses.
Increased fluid escaping into the tissue as b.v. dilate, this is known as edema. WBC's, microbes, debris, and fluid collect to form pus; helping prevent spread of infection.
Sites of lymphocytic origin and maturation-- the thymus and bone marrow.
Tears: Lysozyme, enzyme that hydrolyzes the cell wall of bacteria. Sweat: High lactic acid and electrolyte concentration. Stomach: HCl acid.