which cytokines are endogenous pyrogens? course hero

IL-1β (previously known as endogenous pyrogen ), TNF, and IL-6 are able to raise the temperature setpoint of an organism and cause fever. 214,215 These cytokines stimulate production of inducible cyclooxygenase (i.e., cyclooxygenase 2), which induces the hypothalamic production of prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin E2.

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What are cytokines and why are they important?

What are cytokines? They are small, soluble proteins that regulate the immune system. They're part of innate immunity and have an adaptive response to infection. They're induced in response to specific stimuli such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides, flagellin, and other bacterial products.

What is the predominant phagocytic cell in the early inflammatory response?

Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to 12 hours after the initial injury, they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris at the inflammatory site. In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell is predominant? a.

Can Staphylococcus pyogenes cause toxic shock syndrome?

For example, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are capable of producing superantigens that cause toxic shock syndrome and scarlet fever, respectively. Both of these conditions can be associated with very high, life-threatening fevers in excess of 42 °C (108 °F).

What is a chemotaxis cytokine?

A family of cytokines that enhance the motility and promote migration of many types of WBCs toward the source of the chemokine (AKA chemotaxis). Most of the chemotactic activity of leukocytes is regulated by what?

What is the coagulation system?

The coagulation (clotting) system is a group of plasma proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site. This protein system (1) prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues, (2) traps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of inflammation for removal by infiltrating cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages), ...

What are the functions of complement cascade?

The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different means, and its products have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.