Bank steep to medium; turn greater than 90° Crosswind to upwind Bank medium to shallow; less than 90°
Full Answer
The rectangular course is a training maneuver in which the airplane maintains an equal distance from all sides of the selected rectangular references. The maneuver is accomplished to replicate the airport traffic pattern that an airplane typically maneuvers while landing.
When the wind is from a direction that could drift the airplane to the outside of the course, the banking roll rate should be quick. The following are the most common errors made while performing rectangular courses:
The airplane should be flown parallel to and at an equal distance between one-half to three-fourths of a mile away from the field boundaries or selected ground references. The flightpath should be positioned outside the field boundaries or selected ground references so that the references may be easily observed from either pilot seat.
The following are the most common errors made while performing rectangular courses: Failure to adequately clear the area above, below, and on either side of the airplane for safety hazards, initially and throughout the maneuver. Failure to establish a constant, level altitude prior to entering the maneuver.
5:248:23Rectangular Course - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipPosition the airplane so that you enter the mover on a 45 degree angle to the center of yourMorePosition the airplane so that you enter the mover on a 45 degree angle to the center of your downwind leg.
The bank will be at its steepest angle when the airplane is headed directly downwind. In the last 90 degrees of the turn, the rate of turn should be reduced to bring the airplane over the starting point on the road.
45°If the bank is too steep, the pilot should immediately exit the maneuver and re-establish a lateral position that is further from the ground reference. The pilot should avoid bank angles in excess of 45°due to the increased stalling speed.
For larger aircraft, typically people use some form of the 3/6 Rule: 3 times the altitude (in thousands of feet) you have to lose is the distance back to start the descent; 6 times your groundspeed is your descent rate.
8:159:37Steep Turns - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipAdd or reduce power as necessary to maintain 95 knots within 20 to 25 degrees of the entry headingMoreAdd or reduce power as necessary to maintain 95 knots within 20 to 25 degrees of the entry heading begins smoothly rolling out the bank.
1,500 feet AGLIt is recommended that stalls be practiced at an altitude that allows recovery no lower than 1,500 feet AGL for single-engine airplanes, or higher if recommended by the AFM/POH.
between 600 and 1000 feetSince ground reference maneuvers are usually practiced at between 600 and 1000 feet above ground level (AGL), it will be necessary to descend prior to commencing the maneuvers.
How should a pilot determine the direction of bank from an attitude indicator such as the one illustrated? By the relationship of the miniature airplane (C) to the deflected horizon bar (B). fuel strainer drain and the fuel tank sumps. periodically realigned with the magnetic compass as the gyro precesses.
Airspeed indicator and altimeter. What should occur at the 90° point of a lazy eight? Steepest bank, minimum airspeed, maximum altitude, and level pitch attitude.
It's called the 3-2-1 rule, and it's the easiest way to remember the regulation. To recap, if the weather at your destination isn't at least 3 SM of visibility and 2000' AGL ceilings from 1 hour before to 1 hour after your ETA, you need to file an alternate.
A general rule of thumb for initial IFR descent planning in jets is the 3 to 1 formula. This means that it takes 3 NM to descend 1,000 feet. If an airplane is at FL 310 and the approach gate or initial approach fix is at 6,000 feet, the initial descent requirement equals 25,000 feet (31,000–6,000).
1:403:401 in 60 rule. - YouTubeYouTubeStart of suggested clipEnd of suggested clipYou are three miles off track with 30 miles to go therefore 2 x 3 miles off track gives you aMoreYou are three miles off track with 30 miles to go therefore 2 x 3 miles off track gives you a correction angle that is a further 6 degrees to the right.
The pilot should roll the airplane into a steep bank with rapid, but not excessive, coordinated aileron and rudder pressures. As the airplane turns onto the following base leg, the tailwind lessens and becomes a crosswind; the bank angle is reduced gradually with coordinated aileron and rudder pressures.
The rectangular course is a training maneuver in which the airplane maintains an equal distance from all sides of the selected rectangular references. The maneuver is accomplished to replicate the airport traffic pattern that an airplane typically maneuvers while landing. While performing the rectangular course maneuver, the pilot should maintain a constant altitude, airspeed, and distance from the ground references. The maneuver assists the pilot in practicing the following: 1 Maintaining a specific relationship between the airplane and the ground. 2 Dividing attention between the flightpath, groundbased references, manipulating the flight controls, and scanning for outside hazards and instrument indications. 3 Adjusting the bank angle during turns to correct for groundspeed changes in order to maintain constant radius turns. 4 Rolling out from a turn with the required wind correction angle to compensate for any drift cause by the wind. 5 Establishing and correcting the wind correction angle in order to maintain the track over the ground. 6 Preparing the pilot for the airport traffic pattern and subsequent landing pattern practice.
The next leg is where the airplane turns from a base leg position to the upwind leg . Ideally, the wind is directly on the nose of the airplane resulting in a direct headwind and decreased groundspeed; however, a real-world situation results in some drift correction.
Ground reference maneuvers are the principle flight maneuvers that combine the four fundamentals (straight-and-level, turns, climbs, and descents) into a set of integrated skills that the pilot uses in their everyday flight activity. A pilot must develop the skills necessary to accurately control, through the effect and use of the flight controls, the flightpath of the airplane in relationship to the ground. From every takeoff to every landing, a pilot exercises these skills in controlling the airplane.
To compensate for the crosswind, the pilot must angle into the wind, toward the outside of the rectangular course, which requires the turn to be less than 90°. The final turn is back to the downwind leg, which requires a medium-banked angle and a turn greater than 90°.
The flightpath should be positioned outside the field boundaries or selected ground references so that the references may be easily observed from either pilot seat. It is not practicable to fly directly above the field boundaries or selected ground references.
The pilot should avoid flying close to the references, as this will require the pilot to turn using very steep bank angles, thereby increasing aerodynamic load factor and the airplane’s stall speed, especially in the downwind to crosswind turn. The entry into the maneuver should be accomplished downwind.
Add 3 minutes for climb-out. 43 minutes. On a cross-country flight, point A is crossed at 1500 hours and the plan is to reach point B at 1530 hours.
The wind is from 300° at 15 knots, the true airspeed is 120 knots, and the magnetic variation is 7° east. 8 minutes. En route to First Flight Airport (area 5), your flight passes over Hampton Roads Airport (area 2) at 1456 and then over Chesapeake Regional at 1501.
Determine the estimated time en route for a flight from Priest River Airport (area 1) to Shoshone County Airport (area 3). The wind is from 030 at 12 knots and the true airspeed is 95 knots. Add 2 minutes for climb-out. 31 minutes.