May 16, 2019 · View Test Prep - Patho Exam I.docx from NURSING RN NUR3205 at Rasmussen College, Minneapolis. 1. QUESTION 1 When comparing the clinical manifestations of both diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and
Jun 29, 2021 · Answer to Compare and contrast the clinical manifestations, underlying pathophysiology, and management of DKA and HHNS. ... In clinical manifestations ,Ketoacidosis & hyperglycemia describe DKA, whereas HHS is characterized by high hyperglycemia however no ketoacidosis. DKA can also cause symptoms such as fatigue, malaise, and widespread ...
Dec 17, 2018 · The subjective and objective data gives a great insight into patient’s symptoms, possible diagnosis as well. Without looking at vital signs and lab values one can discern that this patient has a possible infection. Identifying this allows to follow up with diagnostic testing and labs that pertains to the patient’s symptoms. For instance with the presentation of a swollen …
Many manifestations are due to the increase in oxygen consumptions and use of metabolic fuels associated with the hypermetabolic states and well as to the increase in sympathetic nervous system activity. 1. Weight loss . 2. increased appetite. 3. heat intolerance. 4. Excessive Sweating.
Hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNS) must be considered while forming a differential diagnosis when assessing and managing a patient with an altered mental status. This is especially true if the patient has a history of diabetes mellitus (DM).
This is reflected in a decreasing pH value typically less than 7.40. The patient will also begin to eliminate large amounts of ketones through excretion in the urine.
Thus, diabetic in DKA implies an increase in urine output that occurs from osmotic diuresis. The term ketoacidosis is fairly self explanatory. It refers to the metabolic acidosis resulting from ketone production from fat metabolism.
Lethargy. Confusion. Kussmaul’s respirations are deep and rapid respirations that are an attempt to compensate for the increasing ketoacidosis. The deep and rapid respiratory rate blows off carbon dioxide, which is necessary for the production of carbonic acid.
As an excessive amount of glucose enters the renal tubules, it draws a large amount of water that ends up producing a significant amount of urine. This is known as osmotic diuresis and leads to volume depletion and dehydration in the patient. Large amounts of ketones also collect in the urine.
Pathophysiology of diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient experiencing DKA presents significantly different from one who is hypoglycemic. This is due to the variation in the pathology of the condition. Like hypoglycemia, by understanding the basic pathophysiology of DKA, there is no need to memorize signs and symptoms in order to recognize ...
Symptoms and Signs of DKA. Symptoms and signs of diabetic ketoacidosis include symptoms of hyperglycemia with the addition of nausea, vomiting, and—parti cularly in children—abdominal pain. Lethargy and somnolence are symptoms of more severe decompensation.
The most urgent goals for treating diabetic ketoacidosis are rapid intravascular volume repletion, correction of hyperglycemia and acidosis, and prevention of hypokalemia ( 1 ). Identification of precipitating factors is also important. Treatment should occur in intensive care settings because clinical and laboratory assessments are initially needed every hour or every other hour with appropriate adjustments in treatment.
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute metabolic complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. Hyperglycemia causes an osmotic diuresis with significant fluid and electrolyte loss. DKA occurs mostly in type 1 diabetes mellitus.
In patients suspected of having diabetic ketoacidosis, serum electrolytes, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine, glucose, ketones, and osmolarity should be measured. Urine should be tested for ketones. Patients who appear significantly ill and those with positive ketones should have arterial blood gas measurement.
It causes nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain and can progress to cerebral edema, coma, and death. DKA is diagnosed by detection of hyperketonemia and anion gap metabolic acidosis in the presence of hyperglycemia.
Insulin deficiency causes the body to metabolize triglycerides and amino acids instead of glucose for energy. Serum levels of glycerol and free fatty acids rise because of unrestrained lipolysis, as does alanine because of muscle catabolism. Glycerol and alanine provide substrate for hepatic gluconeogenesis, which is stimulated by the excess of glucagon that accompanies insulin deficiency.
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