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Oct 27, 2014 · “McCarthyism: Interpretations since Hofstadter” Thomas C. Reeves The Wisconsin Magazine of History, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Autumn, 1976), pp. 42-54 Summary Many have noticed a lack of a precise, widely accepted definition of McCarthyism; descriptions range from a method to a philosophy to a hysteria and attributions span the political spectrum. The left has decried …
and intuitive care that is a hallmark of nursing practice is problematic (Jones, McCarthy 2019). Jones and McCarthy bring to the forefront the theories created and popularized by the work of Peplau, Travelbee, and Nightingale that are commonly lauded as the foundation of nursing practice. These theories focus on individualized, holistic patient care with the nurse and patient …
entails that some restrictions be placed upon these liberties. 10/7 McCarthyism The term McCarthyism is applied to the persecution of innocent people using powerful but unproved allegations. It refers to U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy's charges of communist subversion and high treason in the U.S. federal government in 1950s. His accusations were readily accepted by …
Ginsberg learned from Kerouac how to express intense bursts of thought in long sentences, but he found translating that technique to poetry difficult. He finally began taking out connecting words and combining seemingly unrelated thoughts into lines and showed the result to William Carlos Williams, his mentor. Williams asked if he had more of that type of work because it was powerful, fresh, and new. "Howl" uses this technique, using long, forceful lines that push together disparate thoughts into one breath.
The Beat movement in literature formed as part of the larger social shifts of the Beat generation, which included changes to ideas about morality and society as well as a new style of writing and art. The movement began in the early 1950s with Jack Kerouac's adaptation of stream of consciousness writing—or the depiction of thoughts and feelings without interruption or objective commentary—which he did without editing in his fiction. Allen Ginsberg took on this technique for his poetry. The Beat movement caught fire with a reading at the Six Gallery in San Francisco, which included Allen Ginsberg's first public reading of his poem "Howl."
"Hipsters," including jazz musicians of the 1920s and 30s and later, the Beats, used heroin as part of their search for ecstatic experiences and unfettered expression of truth. Marijuana, which had been effectively criminalized in 1937 but was still available for medical purposes, was also commonly used in both communities to expand views of life and the universe. LSD, or "acid," had yet to become a big influence on the underground scene as it was still a drug that was in experimental use by medical and mental health researchers. In the 1950s it was tested by the U.S. military as a truth serum, but it wasn't as effective as other drugs for this purpose. For those who could find a willing doctor, however, they could possibly gain access to LSD for recreational purposes.
The first few years of the 1950s in America brought hostility and fear to the country in the form of the Korean War (1950–53), in which 2.5 million people were killed. The fear of communism promoted by the government, which came to be known as the "Red Scare," reached a fever pitch and stayed there for several years with the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy's influence. McCarthy, who had been elected in 1946, became a household name when he stated in 1950 that 205 communists were lurking within the State Department. He later accused the CIA, and other governmental institutions, of having communist infiltrators. In 1952 he became the chairman of the Committee on Government Operations of the Senate, also leading the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations.
In the 1950s nearly half of Americans actively attended Christian churches. Large cities also included enclaves of Orthodox Judaism. Still this era marked a time of conflict, not only in politics and foreign relations, but in religion as well. Evangelical Protestantism and staunch Roman Catholicism were both connected with the repression of the McCarthy era, but they also clashed with each other on issues of education and birth control. Christians and Jews developed branches of their religions that were more liberal and accepting of free expression.