what was the course of the 30 year war

What was the 30 Years War all about?

The first round of the 30 Years' War pitted Bohemia against the Holy Roman Empire and a few of its German states. Unfortunately for the Bohemians, they were outnumbered from the start. Ferdinand II was determined to take away power from the Protestants in Bohemia.

What were the phases of the 30 Years'War?

Since the 30 Years' War included so many countries warring against the Holy Roman Empire, it is usually divided into four phases. Since this war was an epic fight for power, we'll call these phases rounds. They'll be Round 1: The Bohemian Phase, Round 2: The Danish Phase, Round 3: The Swedish Phase,...

What was the Danish phase of the 30 Years War?

The Danish phase of the 30 Years' War saw the Holy Roman Empire mixing it up with Denmark. Christian IV, Denmark's Protestant king, felt Ferdinand II was a threat to Protestants everywhere. In 1625, Christian IV went to war against the Empire. This time, the German states loyal to Protestantism joined Denmark's cause.

What countries were involved in the 30 Years War?

The Holy Roman Empire. Though the war took place mainly within modern-day Germany, many of Europe's nations were involved. Like many wars of its time period, the 30 Years' War had its root in politics and religion. From the religious point of view, this war was the Catholic attempt to overcome Protestantism.

When did the Thirty Years' War begin?

Though the struggles of the Thirty Years War erupted some years earlier, the war is conventionally held to have begun in 1618, when the future Holy...

What was the Thirty Years’ War?

The Thirty Years’ War was a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercia...

Who was the Holy Roman Emperor during the first half of the Thirty Years' War?

Ferdinand II, the Holy Roman emperor (1619–37) and the king of Bohemia, was the leading champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and abso...

What treaty ended the Thirty Years' War?

The Thirty Years' War ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, which changed the map of Europe irrevocably. The peace was negotiated, from 1644...

What led to the end of Denmark as a European power?

Near the beginning of the Thirty Years' War in 1625, King Christian IV of Denmark saw an opportunity to gain valuable territory in Germany to balan...

What was the conflict between Poland and Russia?

Poland, having been drawn in as a Baltic power coveted by Sweden, pushed its own ambitions by attacking Russia and establishing a dictatorship in Moscow under Władysław, Poland’s future king.

Where was the peace negotiated?

The peace was negotiated, from 1644, in the Westphalian towns of Münster and Osnabrück. The Spanish-Dutch treaty was signed on January 30, 1648. The treaty of October 24, 1648, comprehended the Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand III, the other German princes, France, and Sweden. Some scholars of international relations credit ...

When were confessions made in Germany?

The range of confessions in Germany, 1650, as a result of the Thirty Years' War Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

Which country joined the Thirty Years War?

In the March 1636 Treaty of Wismar, France formally joined the Thirty Years War in alliance with Sweden; a Swedish army under Johan Banér entered Brandenburg and re-established their position in North-East Germany at Wittstock on 4 October 1636.

When did the Dutch start the Eighty Years War?

When the Eighty Years War restarted in April 1621, the Dutch provided Frederick military support to regain his lands, along with a mercenary army under Mansfeld paid for with English subsidies.

How many people died in the Bamberg witch trials?

The Bamberg witch trials, held in the nearby Bishopric of Bamberg from 1626 to 1631, claimed over one thousand lives; in 1629, 274 died in the Eichstätt witch trials, plus another 50 in the adjacent Duchy of Palatinate-Neuburg. Elsewhere, persecution followed Imperial military success, expanding into Baden and the Palatinate following their reconquest by Tilly, then into the Rhineland. However, the extent to which they were symptomatic of the impact of the conflict on society is debatable, since many took place in areas relatively untouched by the war. Concerned their brutality would discredit the Counter-Reformation, Ferdinand ensured active persecution largely ended by 1630.

What was the cause of the Cologne War?

Disputes occasionally resulted in full-scale conflict like the 1583 to 1588 Cologne War, caused when its ruler converted to Calvinism. More common were events such as the 1606 'Battle of the Flags' in Donauwörth, when riots broke out after the Lutheran majority blocked a Catholic religious procession. Emperor Rudolf approved intervention by the Catholic Maximilian of Bavaria, who was allowed to annex the town, changing it from Lutheran to Catholic under the principle of cuius regio, eius religio.

How many troops were deployed in Germany in 1618?

Estimates of the total deployed by both sides within Germany range from an average of 80,000 to 100,000 from 1618–1626, peaking at 250,000 in 1632 and falling to under 160,000 by 1648.

What was the purpose of the Peace of Augsburg?

The 1552 Peace of Passau ended the Schmalkaldic War between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire, while the 1555 Peace of Augsburg tried to prevent future conflict by fixing existing boundaries. Under the principle of cuius regio, eius religio, states were either Lutheran, then the most usual form of Protestantism, or Catholic, based on the religion of their ruler. Other provisions protected substantial religious minorities in cities like Donauwörth and confirmed Lutheran ownership of property taken from the Catholic Church since Passau.

Why was the Peace of Münster important?

The Peace of Münster was the first to be signed on 30 January 1648; it was part of the Westphalia settlement because the Dutch Republic was still technically part of the Spanish Netherlands and thus Imperial territory. The treaty confirmed Dutch independence, although the Imperial Diet did not formally accept that it was no longer part of the Empire until 1728. The Dutch were also given a monopoly over trade conducted through the Scheldt estuary, ensuring the commercial ascendancy of Amsterdam; Antwerp, capital of the Spanish Netherlands and previously the most important port in Northern Europe, would not recover until the late 19th century.

How many phases were there in the Thirty Years War?

The Four Phases of the Thirty Years War. Get ready! Because the Thirty Years War eventually involved the armies of multiple nations and because of its religious nature that sometimes caused warring within a nation, we can understand it in four phases.

What groups were in conflict during the Thirty Years War?

The Thirty Years War occurred from 1618-1648. Which groups were in conflict? After the Reformation, German Lutherans and the Catholics were pitted against one another. In the 1530’s the Lutherans submitted a petition for religious freedom to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V,. How did he respond? He outright rejected their offer. There was one catch, though. Charles V did not have the ability to actually challenge the Protestants.

What was the Protestant Danes' victory in the Thirty Years War?

In this part of the Thirty Years War, the Protestant Danes were challenged by the Catholic Imperial armies. Their success led to major Catholic victories and put the Catholic Habsburg rulers of Spain and Austria at the height of their power.

What was the goal of Charles V?

Charles V realized that his primary goal as emperor, the uniting of all the lands of the Holy Roman Empire under Catholicism, was over. He abdicated the throne, moving to a monastery in 1556. Although other rulers of the HRE followed Charles V, he was the last crowned by the Pope, which allowed him the right to be called “Emperor.”

How long did the Peace of Augsburg last?

The Peace of Augsburg was successful in keeping the German states from warring against each other for about 50 years, but by the first decade of the new century, the Protestants and Catholics of Germany were preparing for a fight.

What was the Protestant Reformation?

The Protestant Reformation began in 1517, but its effects were to last far longer. The authority of the Catholic Church in Europe was in question for the first time in a long time, and the continent divided into Catholics and Protestants. While some countries were more clearly Protestant, such as England and the Netherlands, and others remained staunchly Catholic like Spain, still others were marked by acute internal division. It is important for you to remember that because of the link between ecclesiastical (church) and state power at the time in history, the religious divide had serious political implications. Don’t think of the church and state as separate entities, but as sometimes combined and sometimes competing powers.

Why did the Thirty Years War start?

Although the Thirty Years War began with a rebellion , it grew into such a large-scale conflict as a result of the religious and political tensions in Europe. The Bohemian revolt effectively ignited a powder keg of unrest - resulting in one of the most devastating power struggles in history.

What was the reason for the Thirty Years War?

This is when it becomes clear that the Thirty Years War was not simply a battle between Protestantism and Catholicism - France disliked the Habsburg Dynasty and would do anything to curb its power. So its motivation was political rather than religious.

What was the result of the Battle of White Mountain?

The Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic states invaded Bohemia and quashed the rebellion. The dispute climaxed after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat. With this, the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years War ended in a victory for Catholicism and the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire .

What was the peace of Augsburg?

The Peace of Augsburg signed in 1555, brought peace to Europe but it did not settle the religious disagreements in Germany. The settlement recognised only Lutherans and Roman Catholics, but Calvinism had subsequently made gains in a number of states. The Calvinists began to demand recognition of their rights.

What was the Thirty Year's Year?

The Thirty Year’s Year was primarily a struggle over the political and religious order within Europe. It was a result of a number of factors, some of which had built up over many years. These included religious antagonisms and power struggles.

What brought the Swedish phase to an end?

The Peace of Prague brought the Swedish phase to an end in 1635. The Treaty effectively brought to an end the civil war aspect of the Thirty Years' War. However, the combat still carried on due to Spain, Sweden and France’s intervention.

Who led the Protestants in 1630?

Again, France gave its financial backing to Sweden. The Swedish Protestants, led by Gustavus Adolphus, won several notable victories. However, when Adolphus was killed in battle the Holy Roman Empire was able to make up for lost ground, defeating the Swedes in southern Germany.

Where did the 30 year war end?

This was the last battle of the 30 Years' War. Ironically, the conflict would end in Prague, the place it had begun when a few rebellious Protestants threw some Catholic officials out a window. End of War. With the falling of Prague to Swedish forces, the Peace of Westphalia officially ended the 30 Years' War.

What was the end of the 30 years war?

The 30 Years' War ended with the Peace of Westphalia and the diminished power of the Habsburg Dynasty. Learn about this war between Catholics and Protestants by following a timeline of its four phases: Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French. Updated: 11/16/2021

Which two countries invaded Bohemia and squelched the rebellion?

The Holy Roman Empire and the Catholic states invaded Bohemia and squelched the rebellion. With this, the Bohemian phase of the 30 Years' War ended in a victory for Catholicism and the Hapsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire.

How many phases were there in the 30 years war?

Since the 30 Years' War included so many countries warring against the Holy Roman Empire, it is usually divided into four phases. Since this war was an epic fight for power, we'll call these phases rounds.

When did France invade Germany?

In 1636 , France invaded Germany. With France officially joining the fight, the Swedes decided to once again join them. With France and Sweden on one side and the Holy Roman Empire and its Catholic members on the other, the war waged on. Like the Swedish phase of the war, both sides traded victories back and forth.

Who was the first country to fight in the 30 years war?

The first round of the 30 Years' War pitted Bohemia against the Holy Roman Empire and a few of its German states. Unfortunately for the Bohemians, they were outnumbered from the start.

Did the Danish Protestants win the 30 year war?

Although Christian IV was able to keep Denmark, the Danish Phase of the 30 Years' War ended in another victory for Catholicism and the Habsburgs.

The Thirty Years War and The AP® European History Exam

What Led to The Thirty Years War?

Background to The Thirty Years War

What Led to The Outbreak of War?

The Four Phases of The Thirty Years War

Why Does This War Matter?

The Peace of Westphalia

The Thirty Years War on The AP® European History Exam

The Thirty Years War: The Bottom Line

• You should know that the Thirty Years War was a direct result of the reformation, and originated as a fight between Protestants and Catholics, but evolved into a highly political conflict. A big theme of this time of war was the question of authority for individual states. The Thirty Years War also marks the last major war to be fought over religio...

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