What pathologic change occurs to the kidney's glomeruli as a result of hypertension? Exp: In the kidney vasoconstriction and resultant decreased renal perfusion cause tubular ischemia and preglomerular arteriorpathy.
This is especially as a result of hyalinization that results in sclerosis to the glomeruli which may ultimately lead to kidney failure if unmanaged. The hyaline accumulate in the nephron tubules resulting in protein in urine. The plaque build up in the kidneys, as a result, causes glomerular ischemia
Hypertension is responsible for a twofold-to-threefold increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Of the listed options, controlling blood pressure would have the greatest effect in reducing the risk of developing coronary artery disease.
Atherosclerosis causes roughening of the intima of blood vessels, which subsequently leads to activation of the coagulation cascade. Clot promotion is not caused by vasoconstriction of the endothelium, or age-related changes that weaken the endothelium.
Ans: An inflammatory disorder of the small and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands. Exp: Buerger disease is an inflammatory disease of the peripheral arteries. Inflammation, thrombus formation, and vasospasm eventually can occlude and obliterate portions of the small and medium-size arteries.
Exp: Right heart failure is defined as the inability of the right ventricle to provide adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal central venous pressure.
Aortic Regurgitation. Ans: Backflow into left ventricle. Exp: During systole blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta. If the aortic semilunar valve fails to close completely, some of the ejected blood flows back into the left ventricle during diastole.
Ventricular remodeling is a result of: Ans: Myocardial Ischemia. Exp: Secondary causes of decreased contractility, such as myocardial ischemia and increased myocardial workload, contribute to inflammatory, immune, and neurohumoral changes that mediate a process called ventricular remodeling.
Ans: Low-density lipoproteins (LDLS) Exp: A series of chemical reactions in the liver results in the production of several lipoproteins that vary in density and function. These include VLDLs, primarily TG and protein; LDLs, mostly cholesterol and protein; and HDLs, mainly phospholipids and protein.
Exp: The classical manifestations of aortic stenosis are angina, syncope and heart failure. Aortic and mitral regurgitation as well as mitral stenosis are caused by: Ans: Rheumatic Fever. Exp: Mitral stenosis is most commonly caused by acute rheumatic fever and is two to three times more common in women than in men.
Exp: Tricus pid regurgitation is more common than tricuspid stenosis and usually is associated with cardiac failure and dilation of the right ventricle secondary to pulmonary hypertension. Mitral Regurgitation. Ans: Backflow into the left atrium.