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What did the Song dynasty do for Education?

View Test Prep - Exam 2 Study Guide.docx from HIS 101 at Mesa Community College. CHINA What made the Song Dynasty so successful? What was Chinese gunpowder first used for? What were the three main

Why did the Song dynasty have so few successful generals?

The stability provided by the long reigns of the first two emperors (at least compared to the chaotic previous centuries) gave the Song dynasty the start it needed to become one of the most successful in China’s history.

What are the characteristics of the Song dynasty?

Song Dynasty Economic Developments: The Song Dynasty was very successful in commercialization. They developed paper money to pay taxes and debts, they also began mass producing products for mass distribution on the market.

What did the Song dynasty discover about the universe?

Jul 20, 2021 · The Song Dynasty thought that if they could gain the Xia territory, they could perhaps reestablish the lucrative Silk Road trade that benefited the earlier Han (206 BC – 220 AD) and Tang Dynasties. The Song Dynasty managed to win several military victories over the Tanguts in the early 11th century.

What were some successes of the Song dynasty?

Why was the Song dynasty so advanced?

What made the Song dynasty unique?

What were the 3 greatest achievements of the Song Dynasty?

Why were the Tang and Song dynasties so successful?

What is the most important thing about the Song Dynasty?

What did the Song Dynasty invent and why was it important?

Was the Yuan Dynasty successful?

What religions were popular in the Song Dynasty?

Statue of Confucius. Confucian teaching was the dominant religion and philosophy of the Southern Song. During the Song Dynasty era, the religions of Daoism and Buddhism became less popular among the ruling class than in previous eras.

What did the Northern Song Empire farmers mainly cultivated?

In the Northern Song Empire, the farmers mainly cultivated wheat and millet. But during the Southern Song era, most of the people lived in the south. They applied improved techniques of rice cultivation. Rice became the major food crop, and their increased output enabled the population to explode.

What did the Scientific Academies allow?

Scientific Academies: He created academies that allowed a great deal of freedom of thought and discussion. These academies successfully nurtured world-leading scientists and officials who excelled in literature, arts, and sciences.

How long did the Song Wars last?

For about 150 years, the result of the Song wars was stalemate. They couldn't conquer their neighbors, but they didn't lose significant territory to them either. So they maintained their territorial integrity, and they were able to prosper in their boundaries until 1127.

Who was the Liao Empire?

The Liao Empire (907–1125) was an aggressive enemy in the northeast. They forced the Northern Song Dynasty to give some tribute in 1005. The Northern Song Dynasty sought to defeat the Liao. They allied themselves with the Jurchens (or Jin) and started a war that ended in their disaster in the year 1125.

Who was the first emperor of the Southern Song?

Eventually, the Jin captured about 40 percent of the Northern Song Empire's territory. A member of the emperor's clan evaded capture, and he became the first emperor of the Southern Song with the imperial name Gaozong. He evaded Jurchen attempts to capture him and an attempted Song coup.

What was the result of the Jin disaster?

At the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty, the net result of the Jin disaster was that the Southern Song Dynasty retained about 60 percent of the territory, most of the population, and the wealthy southern trading cities. After a short period of invasion and infighting among rivals, the remnants of the empire arose again south of the Yangtze.

What were the achievements of the Song Dynasty?

The reign of the Song Dynasty lasted over three centuries from 960 A.D. to 1279 A.D. It was marked by a period of sustained economic growth which some historians term as the Pre-Modern Economic Revolution. The earliest paper money in the world was introduced, a permanent Chinese navy was established, ...

What was the significance of the Song Dynasty?

During the Song Dynasty, the system gained unprecedented importance and was virtually the only means for drafting officials into the government. This enhanced meritocracy and provided equal opportunity for those competing for official positions in government. A depiction of Palace Examination during Song Dynasty.

How long did the Song Dynasty last?

The reign of the Song Dynasty lasted over three centuries from 960 A.D. to 1279 A.D. It was marked by a period of sustained economic growth which some historians term as the Pre-Modern Economic Revolution.

What was the economic development of the Song Dynasty?

The economy was transformed due to unprecedented technological and agricultural growth coupled with effective governance. A unified tax system and efficient trade routes helped in the development of a truly nationwide market. There was also a significant increase in trade with the global market, and merchants established commercial contact as far as East Africa. All this made China a global leader and several leading historians dub it as the pre-modern economic revolution; centuries before Europe made its breakthrough. It made China the richest nation in the world.

What was the first paper money?

Short of copper, Song government turned to other type of materials, including paper banknotes. This was the world’s earliest true paper money. The economic advantages of printing paper money led to subsequent Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties also issuing their own paper money. Jiaozi, the world’s earliest paper money issued during Song Dynasty.

What was the Imperial Examination?

The imperial examination was a civil service examination system in Imperial China to select candidates for the state bureaucracy. It was started as early as the Han Dynasty and was built into a comprehensive system during the Tang era. During the Song Dynasty, the system gained unprecedented importance and was virtually the only means for drafting officials into the government. This enhanced meritocracy and provided equal opportunity for those competing for official positions in government.

When was movable type printing invented?

This system of printing was invented during the Song Dynasty reign by artisan Bi Sheng (990–1051) . Movable type, alongside woodblock printing, allowed mass production of books which could be sold at affordable prices.

What is the Song Dynasty?

Song dynasty, Wade-Giles romanization Sung, (960–1279), Chinese dynasty that ruled the country during one of its most brilliant cultural epochs. It is commonly divided into Bei (Northern) and Nan (Southern) Song periods, as the dynasty ruled only in South China after 1127. Exploring China: Fact or Fiction?

When did the Mongols attack China?

The Mongols, under Genghis Khan, began their move on China with an assault on the Jin state in the North in 1211. After their eventual success in the North and several decades of uneasy coexistence with the Song, the Mongols—under Genghis Khan’s grandsons—advanced on the Song forces in 1250.

What is an encyclopedia editor?

Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. ...

What was the most important innovation in the Song Dynasty?

The most important nautical innovation of the Song period seems to have been the introduction of the magnetic mariner's compass , which permitted accurate navigation on the open sea regardless of the weather. The magnetized compass needle – known in Chinese as the "south-pointing needle" – was first described by Shen Kuo in his 1088 Dream Pool Essays and first mentioned in active use by sailors in Zhu Yu 's 1119 Pingzhou Table Talks .

What was the Song Dynasty?

The Song dynasty was an era of administrative sophistication and complex social organization. Some of the largest cities in the world were found in China during this period (Kaifeng and Hangzhou had populations of over a million). People enjoyed various social clubs and entertainment in the cities, and there were many schools and temples to provide the people with education and religious services. The Song government supported social welfare programs including the establishment of retirement homes, public clinics, and paupers ' graveyards. The Song dynasty supported a widespread postal service that was modeled on the earlier Han dynasty (202 BCE – CE 220) postal system to provide swift communication throughout the empire. The central government employed thousands of postal workers of various ranks to provide service for post offices and larger postal stations. In rural areas, farming peasants either owned their own plots of land, paid rents as tenant farmers, or were serfs on large estates.

What was the name of the city in the Song Dynasty?

During the Northern Song ( Chinese: 北宋; 960–1127), the Song capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now Eastern China.

Who was the leader of the Yuan Dynasty?

Kublai officially declared the creation of the Yuan dynasty in 1271. In 1275, a Song force of 130,000 troops under Chancellor Jia Sidao was defeated by Kublai's newly appointed commander-in-chief, general Bayan. By 1276, most of the Song territory had been captured by Yuan forces, including the capital Lin'an.

Who was the last emperor of Song?

The last remaining ruler, the 13-year-old emperor Emperor Huaizong of Song, committed suicide, along with Prime Minister Lu Xiufu and 1300 members of the royal clan.

What was the odometer used for in the Han Dynasty?

As early as the Han dynasty, when the state needed to accurately measure distances traveled throughout the empire, the Chinese relied on a mechanical odometer. The Chinese odometer was a wheeled carriage, its gearwork being driven by the rotation of the carriage's wheels; specific units of distance—the Chinese li —were marked by the mechanical striking of a drum or bell as an auditory signal. The specifications for the 11th-century odometer were written by Chief Chamberlain Lu Daolong, who is quoted extensively in the historical text of the Song Shi (compiled by 1345). In the Song period, the odometer vehicle was also combined with another old complex mechanical device known as the south-pointing chariot. This device, originally crafted by Ma Jun in the 3rd century, incorporated a differential gear that allowed a figure mounted on the vehicle to always point in the southern direction, no matter how the vehicle's wheels turned about. The concept of the differential gear that was used in this navigational vehicle is now found in modern automobiles in order to apply an equal amount of torque to a car's wheels even when they are rotating at different speeds.

Who was the emperor of China in 1271?

In 1271, Kublai Khan proclaimed himself Emperor of China and established the Yuan dynasty. After two decades of sporadic warfare, Kublai Khan 's armies conquered the Song dynasty in 1279, after the Southern Song suffered military defeat in the Battle of Yamen.

What technology did the Song Empire use?

The Song empire led technologically in some areas. The magnetic compass, rockets and multi-stage rockets, block and movable-type printing, cannons, and the drive chain mechanism were either invented or substantially improved.

What was the Song Empire?

The Song Empire (960–1279) was at the time the world's most powerful entity, economically and militarily. Despite being most populous and most advanced scientifically and economically, the Song succumbed to repeated military mistakes. These 10 facts are the highlights.

How long did the Song court fight the Mongols?

After fighting the Mongols for 20 years , in 1279, the remaining Song court and their supporters took to a fleet of ships to escape the Mongols. There was a giant naval battle involving 200,000 people on a fleet of 1,000 ships against 20,000 Mongol troops on only 50 ships. Though vastly outnumbered, the Mongols won.

When did the Tang Empire collapse?

When the Tang Empire collapsed in 906 AD, their territory was divided among kingdoms or tribes for 53 years. Then in the year 960, a general in a small kingdom rebelled against his own king. This general took the name Emperor Taizu (927–976), and during the next 20 years, he and his son defeated the other kingdoms and so established the Song Empire.

How did urban dwellers improve their education?

Urban dweller's education improved since schools were numerous, and greater wealth allowed the people to have the time to engage in study, reading, artistic pursuits, and travel. Arts and theater thrived. Mass circulating books became common for the first time in any country, and the people enjoyed reading fictional novels.

Who was the Liao Empire?

The Liao Empire was an aggressive enemy in the northeast. In order to defeat them, the Song allied with the northern Jurchens. Their combined armies defeated the Liao Empire, but then the Jurchens turned against the Song Empire and captured Kaifeng that was their capital city in 1129 and much northern territory.

What was the second largest city in the world?

Kaifeng, the capital until it was captured in 1127, was the second biggest city in the world with about 1,000,000 people, and Hangzhou, the Southern Song capital, had a population of 1,000,000 as well. The overall population grew from 50 million at the beginning to about 118 million 167 years later in 1127.