what is the concentration of ethyl alcohol in distilled liquors? course hero

When in doubt, always read the safety labels of alcoholic drinks, just like you would with any other drug.?

When in doubt, always read the safety labels of alcoholic drinks, just like you would with any other drug. They often list important information such as serving suggestions, directions, applications, and the risks associated. The label should also detail the necessary steps in the event of a medical emergency caused by the product.

Why is ethanol used in hand sanitizer?

Ethanol is a substance that is widely used in the medical field. It’s one of the most potent disinfectants; hence why it's the active ingredient in hand sanitizers. Ethanol is also a component in many medicines since it can dissolve important medical compounds that water usually can't.

Why is ethanol used in medicine?

Ethanol is also a component in many medicines since it can dissolve important medical compounds that water usually can't. It's the reason why some pain, cough, and cold medications have up to 25% ethanol in their formulation.

What is the effect of ethanol on bacteria?

Ethanol is the result of the natural fermentation of plant sugars. It’s one of the more effective substances that can kill bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms.

How to help someone with alcoholism?

Group therapy, counseling, or simply talking to a close friend or family member are all great ways to address someone’s alcohol dependence. For serious cases, some oral medicines can be used to counteract the effects of alcoholism. Examples include disulfiram and naltrexone.

What is the condition called when you drink too much alcohol?

This is because excessive amounts of alcohol can cause a condition known as fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Babies born with this condition suffer from permanent learning disabilities, poor memory, hyperactivity, and speech problems.

Is ethanol a toxic substance?

In other words, ethanol is alcohol, however, not all alcohol is considered to be ethanol. Another distinction, when compared to other toxic alcohols, like methanol or isopropanol (or rubbing alcohol), ethanol is the only type that can be ingested. Beyond drinking ethanol, it's also used in many consumer products like perfumes, lotions, ...

What is the name of the resin substance that is responsible for the effects associated with marijuana?

What is the name of the resin substance that is responsible for the effects associated with marijuana? tetrahydrocannapinol

When was lysergic acid diethylamide discovered?

Lysergic acid diethylamide was accidentally discovered in the late 1930's during research work that attempted to find a cure for:

Does alcohol absorb into the bloodstream?

Alcohol quickly absorbs into the bloodstream, where it moves on to affect all of the following systems EXCEPT the:

What is the Chemical Composition of Ethyl Alcohol?

Ethyl alcohol, or ethanol, is a relatively simple organic compound with the chemical formula C 2 H 6 O. The formula can also be written as a structural formula: CH 3 −CH 2 −OH or simply C 2 H 5 OH.

How is ethyl alcohol made?

The most common way of producing ethyl alcohol is through the fermentation of starchy or sugary food products, such as grapes or rice. Fermentation is a complex biochemical process that involves a living organism. A fungi species (yeast) is used to ferment the starchy source. The simplified fermentation pathway is illustrated below:

What is the chemical formula for isopropyl alcohol?

Chemically, they’re very similar. Compared to ethanol (C 2 H 6 O), isopropyl alcohol has the chemical formula C 3 H 8 O , which can also be written as CH 3 CHOHCH 3. As you can see, an isopropyl group is attached to a hydroxyl group. This is the simplest form of secondary alcohol where the alcohol carbon atom is attached to two other carbons.

What is the formula for alcohol?

As you can see in the structural formula, an ethyl group is linked to a hydroxyl group. This follows the generalised formula for alcohol, which is C n H 2n+1 OH.

What is the molar mass of a molecule?

Given its molecular compositions, the molar mass is empirically determined to be 46.069 g·mol −1 . The molar mass can be approximated by adding the atomic weights of all its elements.

What factors affect tolerance for alcohol?

Various individuals have different levels of alcohol tolerance before becoming intoxicated. Factors such as food and body weight affect the tolerance for alcohol consumption, so always drink responsibly and know your limit.

Is ethyl alcohol dangerous?

Ethyl alcohol, also known as eth a nol, is the active ingredient in alcoholic beverages. While you drink it when you consume things like beer, spirits and wine, drinking ethyl alcohol on its own is dangerous and could cause fatality.

What are the compounds in alcohol?

Volatile compounds include aliphatic carbonyl compounds, alcohols, monocarboxylic acids and their esters, nitrogen- and sulphur-containing compounds, hydrocarbons, terpenic compounds, and heterocyclic and aromatic compounds. Nonvolatile extracts of alcoholic beverages comprise unfermented sugars, di- and tribasic carboxylic acids, colouring substances, tannic and polyphenolic substances, and inorganic salts. The flavour composition of alcoholic beverages has been described in detail in several reviews (Suomalainen & Nykänen, 1970; Amerine et al., 1972; Nykänen & Suomalainen, 1983), and a recent review on the compounds occurring in distilled alcoholic beverages is available (ter Heide, 1986). The volatile compounds of alcoholic beverages and distillates generally originate from three sources: raw materials, fermentation and the wooden casks in which they are matured (Jouret & Puech, 1975).

What is ethanol made of?

Ethanol and water are the main components of most alcoholic beverages, although in some very sweet liqueurs the sugar content can be higher than the ethanol content. Ethanol (CAS Reg. No. 64–17–5) is present in alcoholic beverages as a consequence of the fermentation of carbohydrates with yeast. It can also be manufactured from ethylene obtained from cracked petroleum hydrocarbons. The alcoholic beverage industry has generally agreed not to use synthetic ethanol manufactured from ethylene for the production of alcoholic beverages, due to the presence of impurities. In order to determine whether synthetic ethanol has been used to fortify products, the low 14C content of synthetic ethanol, as compared to fermentation ethanol produced from carbohydrates, can be used as a marker in control analyses (McWeeny & Bates, 1980).

What happens to distillates during maturation?

During maturation, unpleasant flavours, probably caused by volatile sulphur compounds, disappear. Extensive investigations on the maturation of distillates in oak casks have shown that many compounds are liberated by alcohol from the walls of the casks (Jouret & Puech, 1975; Reazin, 1983; Nykänen, L., 1984; Nykänen et al., 1984). Lignin plays an important role and is responsible for the occurrence of some aromatic aldehydes and phenolic compounds (Jouret & Puech, 1975; Nykänen et al., 1984). These compounds are liberated from oak during the maturation process, together with monosaccharides (pentoses, quercitol), carboxylic acids and ‘whisky lactone’ (5-butyl-4-methyldihydro-2(3H)-furanone) (Nykänen, L., 1984; Nykänen et al., 1984). The occurrence of aromatic compounds has been considered a manifestation of the degradation (oxidation) of oak lignin (Jouret & Puech, 1975).

What is the odour of phenethyl alcohol?

Phenethyl alcohol (2-phenylethyl alcohol), an aromatic fusel alcohol, has a relatively strong rose-like odour, and therefore its determination in different beers has been a central subject of many studies; concentrations in beers vary from 4 to 102 mg/l. Benzyl alcohol occurs as a minor component in beer. Tyrosol and tryptophol, which are formed during fermentation, have been found in many beers, the tyrosol content varying from 1 to 29 mg/l and the tryptophol content from 0.2 to 12 mg/l (Nykänen & Suomalainen, 1983).

What are the minor carbonyls in beer?

Of the minor carbonyls identified in beer, formaldehyde (see IARC, 1982a, 1987ahas been found at level of 0.17–0.28 mg/l in a Swiss beer (Steiner et al., 1969); a fresh beer was reported to contain 0.009 mg/l formaldehyde and a stale beer, 0.002 mg/l (Lau & Lindsay, 1972). Some unsaturated aldehydes have also been identified in beer. Particular attention has been paid to the occurrence of trans-2-nonenal, which has been shown to be responsible for the oxidized or ‘cardboard’ flavour of stale beer, and to that of trans,cis-2,6-nonadienal, which gives rise to cucumber- or melon-like odours in beer (Visser & Lindsay, 1971; Wohleb et al., 1972; Withycombe & Lindsay, 1973).

What is the most volatile substance in beer?

Carbonyl compounds are among the most volatile substances in alcoholic beverages. The levels of some aldehydes found in pasteurized and unpasteurized beers are given in Table 25. Acetaldehyde (see also IARC, 1985,1987a) is the principal carbonyl compound in beer and has been found at similar ranges (0.1–16.4 mg/l) in US, German and Norwegian beers; levels as high as 37.2 mg/1 were found in an unspecified beer (Nykänen & Suomalainen, 1983).

How much aldehyde is in wine?

Acetaldehyde constitutes more than 90% of the total aldehyde content of wines, occurring at 50–100 mg/l (Nykänen & Suomalainen, 1983). Wucherpfennig and Semmler (1972, 1973) found 74–118 mg/l acetaldehyde in wines produced from different grapes in various vineyards in different countries, and Postel et al(1972b)found 11–160 mg/l in German ‘Spätlesen’, ‘Auslesen’ and ‘Beerenauslesen’ white wines and in red wines; white and red wines had similar aldehyde contents. The aldehyde content is, however, low, and this may be explained by the fact that the sulphur dioxide added to wine reacts with aldehydes to form α-hydroxysulphonic acids, which reduce the free aldehyde content. Furthermore, aldehydes can be chemically bound to ethanol and higher alcohols as acetals.

What is the first stage of distillation?

As a practical matter the purification of beer by distillation is carriedout in two stages. The first stage is known as beer-stripping and consists ofa crude, rapid distillation in a pot still to contain the alcohol and impuritiesin a smaller volume. This smaller volume is then purified much moreslowly and carefully in the second stage of fractional distillation.

How are alcohols made?

All alcoholic beverages are made by fermenting a sugar solutionwith yeast, a process which converts the sugar to carbon dioxide and ethylalcohol. Usually, one does not start with a pure sugar but with fruit juicesfor wine, the starch in grains for beer and whisky, molasses for rum, etc.Over the centuries trial and error have shown that a bewildering variety ofsugar sources can be exploited in this manner, even such an unlikelysubstance as milk being usable because of the sugar lactose it contains.Regardless of the sugar source the alcohol is the same.

What is the term for the liquid that runs back down the column?

Condensed liquid that runs back down the column is termed the reflux.It is richer in the most volatile constituents than the vapour rising to meet it, and you willrecall that its boiling point is lower than the vapour further down in the column. It thereforeboils as it passes down the packing and the resulting vapour is even richer in the volatileconstituents.

How does distillation work?

Distillation is simply the heating of a liquid to the boiling pointfollowed by condensing the vapours on a cold surface. To remove thehardness from water it can be boiled in a kettle and the steam which isproduced condensed against a cold surface to give a pure water free ofminerals and all other types of impurity. The calcium and magnesium saltswhich constitute the hardness remain behind in the kettle. Nature carries outher own distillation in the form of rain --- the sun evaporates water from thesurface of lakes and oceans leaving salt and impurities behind. Cloudsform, condense, and a close approximation to distilled water falls to earth.

What is beer stripping?

Beer stripping is simply a fast, crude distillation of the beer in a potstill in order to obtain most of the alcohol in a smaller volume of water.This smaller volume of distillate, about a quarter of the original volume ofbeer, is easier and cleaner to handle in the small precision equipment usedfor the final stage of fractional distillation.

What are the minor constituents of sugar?

These minor constituents are the congeners and the amount ofeach will determine the flavour, bouquet and colour of a particular beverage.They are also responsible for unpleasant side-effects such as headaches andhangovers since many of them are very poisonous.

Is vodka a pure alcohol?

In sharp contrast to all other alcoholic beverages, gin and vodka aremade from almost pure alcohol, i.e. alcohol from which all the heads andtails have been removed. This, when diluted with water to 40%, is vodka.To make gin, a flavouring essence based on juniper berries is added.