Here, we assume that 's are observed values of a random variable . Therefore, we can summarize our model as where is a random variable independent of . First, we take expectation from both sides to obtain Thus, Next, we look at , Therefore, we obtain Now, we can find and if we know , , .
Let's look again at the above model for regression. We wrote where is a random variable independent of . Note that, here, is the only variable that we observe, so we estimate using . That is, we can write The error in our estimate is Note that the randomness in comes from two sources: and .
While AlphaGo learnt the game by playing thousands of matches with amateur and professional players, AlphaGo Zero learnt by playing against itself, starting from completely random play. This powerful technique is no longer constrained by the limits of human knowledge.
AlphaZero replaces hand-crafted heuristics with a deep neural network and algorithms that are given nothing beyond the basic rules of the game. By teaching itself, AlphaZero developed its own unique and creative style of play in all three games.
AlphaGo is the first computer program to defeat a professional human Go player, the first to defeat a Go world champion, and is arguably the strongest Go player in history.
The goal is to surround and capture their opponent's stones or strategically create spaces of territory. Once all possible moves have been played, both the stones on the board and the empty points are tallied. The highest number wins. As simple as the rules may seem, Go is profoundly complex.
The latest version of our algorithm, known as MuZero, takes these ideas one step further. It matches the performance of AlphaZero on Go, chess and shogi, while also mastering a range of visually complex Atari games, all without being told the rules of any game.
Go originated in China over 3,000 years ago. Winning this board game requires multiple layers of strategic thinking. Two players, using either white or black stones, take turns placing their stones on a board. The goal is to surround and capture their opponent's stones or strategically create spaces of territory.