(Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.) o The point to remember: Whether it works by reducing something aversive, or by providing something desirable, reinforcement is any consequence that strengthens behavior. o Primary Reinforcer: an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. o Conditioned Reinforcer: a stimulus that gains its …
Sep 08, 2020 · A. positive reinforcement B. cognitive understanding of the relationship between two stimuli C. presenting the CS and the UCS at nearly the same time D. physical similarity between the CS and the UCS 99. According to Pavlov, classical conditioning occurs if A. the animal receives reward or punishment.
Jan 28, 2019 · Question 5 1 / 1 pts What did Pavlov mean by " reinforcement ? "Question 6 1 / 1 pts Under which conditions , according to learning theory , would a clicker be likely most effective in training an animal ? ... Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. ...
Reinforcement KEEPING THE TRAINS ON TIME Continuous Reward c~~i~y correct response •Learning and extinc-tion occ-ur quic-kl,y •Not all correc-t responses are Intermittent rewarded •Reward after a preset number of Fixed-ratio responses Variable-ratio Fixed-interval Reward after a preset period ~time Variable-Reward after an unpredictable ...
Pavlov (1849–1936), a Russian scientist, performed extensive research on dogs and is best known for his experiments in classical conditioning ( Figure ).
Ivan Pavlov’s research on the digestive system of dogs unexpectedly led to his discovery of the learning process now known as classical conditioning. Pavlov came to his conclusions about how learning occurs completely by accident. Pavlov was a physiologist, not a psychologist.
In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as acquisition , when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. During acquisition, the neutral stimulus begins to elicit the conditioned response, and eventually the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus capable of eliciting the conditioned response by itself. Timing is important for conditioning to occur. Typically, there should only be a brief interval between presentation of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Depending on what is being conditioned, sometimes this interval is as little as five seconds (Chance, 2009). However, with other types of conditioning, the interval can be up to several hours.
Why is shaping needed? Remember that in order for reinforcement to work, the organism must first display the behavior. Shaping is needed because it is extremely unlikely that an organism will display anything but the simplest of behaviors spontaneously. In shaping, behaviors are broken down into many small, achievable steps. The specific steps used in the process are the following:
In his operant conditioning experiments, Skinner often used an approach called shaping. Instead of rewarding only the target behavior, in shaping, we reward successive approximations of a target behavior. Why is shaping needed? Remember that in order for reinforcement to work, the organism must first display the behavior. Shaping is needed because it is extremely unlikely that an organism will display anything but the simplest of behaviors spontaneously. In shaping, behaviors are broken down into many small, achievable steps. The specific steps used in the process are the following: 1 Reinforce any response that resembles the desired behavior. 2 Then reinforce the response that more closely resembles the desired behavior. You will no longer reinforce the previously reinforced response. 3 Next, begin to reinforce the response that even more closely resembles the desired behavior. 4 Continue to reinforce closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. 5 Finally, only reinforce the desired behavior.
Skinner (1953) stated, “If the gambling establishment cannot persuade a patron to turn over money with no return, it may achieve the same effect by returning part of the patron’s money on a variable-ratio schedule” (p. 397).
John B. Watson, shown in Figure, is considered the founder of behaviorism. Behaviorism is a school of thought that arose during the first part of the 20th century, which incorporates elements of Pavlov’s classical conditioning (Hunt, 2007). In stark contrast with Freud, who considered the reasons for behavior to be hidden in the unconscious, Watson championed the idea that all behavior can be studied as a simple stimulus-response reaction, without regard for internal processes. Watson argued that in order for psychology to become a legitimate science, it must shift its concern away from internal mental processes because mental processes cannot be seen or measured. Instead, he asserted that psychology must focus on outward observable behavior that can be measured.
In one experiment, dogs were trained to salivate in response to being rubbed. Pavlov would rub the dog's leg, and then it would be given food.
While classical conditioning involves learning associations between two stimuli, operant conditioning changes an organism's voluntary behavior through reward and/or punishment. Just as operant conditioning works in a different way than classical conditioning, the way in which stimulus generalization develops within operant conditioning is different.
Toddlers who were taught to fear moving cars in order to prevent them from trying to cross busy streets by themselves also experienced stimulus generalization. They began to fear not only moving cars, but moving trucks, vans, buses, and motorcycles.
In this example, the tone is considered the conditioned stimulus, and the sa livation in response to hearing just the tone is considered the conditioned response. Another outcome of classical conditioning is stimulus generalization, which happens when the organism that is being conditioned learns to associate other similar stimuli with ...