what course is filled with formal concepts

What is a formal concept?

This online course is an introduction into formal concept analysis (FCA), a mathematical theory oriented at applications in knowledge representation, knowledge acquisition, data analysis and visualization. It provides tools for understanding the data by representing it as a hierarchy of concepts or, more exactly, a concept lattice.

What is the purpose of formal training?

This online course is an introduction into formal concept analysis (FCA), a mathematical theory oriented at applications in knowledge representation, knowledge acquisition, data analysis and visualization. It provides tools for understanding the data by representing it as a hierarchy of concepts or, more exactly, a concept lattice.

What is a formal context?

Each such pair (A,B) is called a formal concept (or briefly a concept) of the given context. The set A is called the extent, the set B the intent of the concept (A,B). One should mention that the extent of a concept determines the intent and the intent determines the extent. Hence the notion of a formal concept contains some redundant information.

How do you reconstruct the original formal context?

Mar 30, 2020 · Formal training teaches practical skills that are necessary for understanding preliminary ideas, concepts and tools associated with a job. It generates a framework upon which real world experiences are given deeper meaning and specialized context.

Which is an example of a formal concept?

The chief examples of formal concepts that we will consider are: truth, object, infinity, collection (or set), and negation. Our distinctive core hypothesis is that some closely related but different concepts have been conflated in ways that result in paradoxes or other pathologies.Aug 24, 2016

Is school a formal concept?

Formal education is a structured and systematic form of learning. This is the education of a certain standard delivered to students by trained teachers. To make sure formal learning is standardized and all learning institutions (e.g. schools, colleges, universities, etc.)Dec 15, 2019

What are formal concepts psychology?

A formal concept is an idea or category defined by a concrete or specific set of rules, guidelines, or properties. For a concept to be considered a formal concept then it must meet all of the guidelines and rules required to fit the concept or it is not included in the category.

What are formal concepts quizlet?

Formal Concepts. concepts that are defined by specific rules or features. A.K.A. ideas that represent a class or category of: (1) objects, (2) events, or.

What are examples of formal education?

Formal learning is also called structured learning or synchronous learning. Examples of formal learning include classroom instruction, web-based training, remote labs, e-learning courses, workshops, seminars, webinars, etc.

What is formal education in the Philippines?

Formal education is the hierarchically structured, chronologically graded 'education system', running from primary school through the university and including, in addition to general academic studies, a variety of specialized programs and institutions for full-time technical and professional training.

What is the difference between formal and natural concepts?

Formal concepts are created through rigid and logical rules, or features of a concept. Natural concepts, on the other hand, are acquired through everyday experience. Natural concepts don't have the same types of rigid rules for identification that formal concepts do, and this makes them harder to outline.

Why is it useful to form concepts?

The use of concepts is necessary to cognitive processes such as categorization, memory, decision making, learning, and inference. Concepts are thought to be stored in long term cortical memory, in contrast to episodic memory of the particular objects and events which they abstract, which are stored in hippocampus.

What is informal reasoning in psychology?

Informal reasoning refers to the use of logical thought, and the principles of logic, outside of a formal setting. Basically, informal logic uses the application of everyday knowledge, education and thinking skills to analyze and evaluate information.

Which item is a formal concept?

The chief examples of formal concepts that we will consider are: truth, object, infinity, collection (or set), and negation. Our distinctive core hypothesis is that some closely related but different concepts have been conflated in ways that result in paradoxes or other pathologies.

What type of concept are prototypes an example of?

A prototype is the best example or representation of a concept. For example, for the category of civil disobedience, your prototype could be Rosa Parks. Her peaceful resistance to segregation on a city bus in Montgomery, Alabama, is a recognizable example of civil disobedience.

What is artificial concept in psychology?

An artificial concept, on the other hand, is a concept that is defined by a specific set of characteristics. Various properties of geometric shapes, like squares and triangles, serve as useful examples of artificial concepts. A triangle always has three angles and three sides.

Infinity

Loosely speaking, something is infinite if it is too large to be measured. But measured by what? With the 19th century mathematical revolution due to Cantor, two different answers became available: (i) measured by a natural number, or (ii) by one of Cantor’s “transfinite” numbers.

Collection

The concept of set–or, more generally, collection–is central to mathematics and logic.

Truth

Our hypothesis is once again that two distinct notions of truth have been conflated and that progress can be made by separating them:

Object

People have been conflating many different ideas under the heading of “object”, which has caused much confusion in metaphysics and the philosophy of science. The different ideas include:

Negation

In the history of logic two concepts of negation have been distinguished: (i) a negation of a term or property; and (ii) a negation of a sentence or proposition. While (ii) is thought to have existential import, (ii) is not.

What is formal concept analysis?

Formal concept analysis aims at the clarity of concepts according to Charles S. Peirce's pragmatic maxim by unfolding observable, elementary properties of the subsumed objects. In his late philosophy, Peirce assumed that logical thinking aims at perceiving reality, by the triade concept, judgement and conclusion.

What is a formal context?

A formal context is a triple K = ( G, M, I ), where G is a set of objects, M is a set of attributes, and I ⊆ G × M is a binary relation called incidence that expresses which objects have which attributes. For subsets A ⊆ G of objects and subsets B ⊆ M of attributes, one defines two derivation operators as follows:

What is FCA in science?

Formal concept analysis ( FCA) is a principled way of deriving a concept hierarchy or formal ontology from a collection of objects and their properties. Each concept in the hierarchy represents the objects sharing some set of properties; and each sub-concept in the hierarchy represents a subset of the objects ...

What is the term for the process of transforming data into one-valued data?

Formal concept analysis handles such data by transforming them into the basic type of a ("one-valued") formal context. The method is called conceptual scaling .

What is the implication of a set of attributes?

An implication A → B relates two sets A and B of attributes and expresses that every object possessing each attribute from A also has each attribute from B. When ( G, M, I) is a formal context and A, B are subsets of the set M of attributes (i.e., A,B ⊆ M ), then the implication A → B is valid if A′ ⊆ B′. For each finite formal context, the set of all valid implications has a canonical basis, an irredundant set of implications from which all valid implications can be derived by the natural inference ( Armstrong rules ). This is used in attribute exploration, a knowledge acquisition method based on implications.

What is biclustering in biology?

Given an object-attribute numerical data-table, the goal of biclustering is to group together some objects having similar values of some attributes. For example, in gene expression data, it is known that genes (objects) may share a common behavior for a subset of biological situations (attributes) only: one should accordingly produce local patterns to characterize biological processes, the latter should possibly overlap, since a gene may be involved in several processes. The same remark applies for recommender systems where one is interested in local patterns characterizing groups of users that strongly share almost the same tastes for a subset of items.

When was lattice theory first introduced?

The theory in its present form goes back to the early 1980s and a research group led by Rudolf Wille, Bernhard Ganter and Peter Burmeister at the Technische Universität Darmstadt. Its basic mathematical definitions, however, were already introduced in the 1930s by Garrett Birkhoff as part of general lattice theory.

What is the general hypothesis of facet theory?

The general hypothesis of facet theory is that the specification of formal roles for the facets in a mapping sentence provides a rationale for structural theories concerning a correspondence between the definitional framework (the mapping sentence) and an aspect of the empirical data, thereby facilitating the formation of scientific lawfulness in a cumulative fashion.

What is FCA in math?

The initial structure of FCA is a triple of sets K = ( G, M, I) called a formal context, where I ⊆ G × M is a binary relation. This triple can be represented by a cross table consisting of set of rows G (called objects ), columns M (called attributes) and crosses representing incidence relation I. An example of a cross table is displayed in Table 1 where objects are papers, attributes are terms and the incidence relation shows how terms occur in papers. In what follows, scientific papers (i.e. the objects) are related (i.e. the crosses) to a number of terms (i.e. the attributes); here a paper is related to a term if the title or abstract of the paper contains this term. The dataset in Table 1 is an excerpt of the one we used in our research. Given a formal context, we then derive concepts and order them according to a subconcept-superconcept relation. This order makes a lattice which can be visualized by a line diagram.

Why are the elements of the format facet (C) polarizing?

The elements of the format facet ( C) have the rationale for a polarizing facet because there is no notion of order among the formats of communication ( verbal, numerical, and geometrical). Emanating from a common origin, each of the formats corresponds to a different direction in the SSA space, resulting in a partitioning of the space into three wedgelike regions.

What is SSA in statistics?

SSA is a technique for viewing a similarity (correlation) coefficient matrix. It is an intrinsic data analysis technique with an emphasis on looking at regions in the space of variables rather than on coordinate systems.

What is the mapping sentence?

The mapping sentence provides both the definitional framework for the observations and the rationale for regional hypotheses by assigning formal roles to the content facets that correspond to regional partitioning of the empirical space of the observations.

What is Athena based on?

At the heart of ATHENA is a new data analysis method based on FCA to categorize, process, and deliver relevant key information to crisis stakeholders. The method is based on semantics—capturing the meaning of information as it develops during a crisis situation, facilitating credibility assessment of such information, and computing associations between key crisis facts in the form of formal concepts. Related information on crisis events and actions can then be usefully presented to selected stakeholders in an appropriate manner.

Is dimensionality of SSA equal to or less than the number of content facets?

In general, the dimensionality of SSA can be equal to, greater than, or less than the number of content facets.