The cause of this form of reflux is most often from failure of the bladder to empty properly, either due to a blockage or failure of the bladder muscle or damage to the nerves that control normal bladder emptying.
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is a condition in which urine from the bladder is able to flow back up into the ureter and kidney. It is caused by a problem with the valve mechanism. Pressure from the urine filling the bladder should close the tunnel of the ureter. It should not allow urine to flow back up into the ureter.
About one percent of children are born with hydronephrosis. The most common cause is obstruction of the ureteropelvic junction – where the ureter meets the bladder. The baby's ureter may be too narrow at that spot, or blood vessels may be crossed over the ureter, causing a kink that slows or blocks the flow of urine.
What causes reflux? In the human urinary tract there is a valve where the bladder joins the urine tube, or ureter, that comes from the kidney. Some children are born with a problem valve that does not close properly, so the urine refluxes back into the kidney.
VUR can cause urinary tract infections (UTI) and, less commonly, kidney damage. The two main types of VUR are primary VUR and secondary VUR. Most children have primary VUR.
There is a valve at the meeting point between each ureter and the bladder to prevent the backflow of urine into the kidneys. Urinary reflux means that one (or both) of these valves is not working properly.
Caliectasis is usually caused by an issue that affects your kidneys, such as: bladder cancer. blockage of the kidneys (usually due to a birth defect) renal fibrosis.
A kidney may swell if your baby's ureter is blocked and urine can't flow from the kidney to the bladder. Or your baby's kidney may swell if urine that's already in the bladder flows back up into the kidney.
Causes of urinary obstructions in children include: Kidney stones. Kidney stones are caused by the buildup of minerals in the kidneys. An abnormality of the point where the ureter joins the kidney.
It is clear that in a large proportion of patients VUR is genetic in origin. Forty five percent of children with primary VUR are from families where at least one additional family member is affected, and often the disease occurs in two or more generations (10,14).
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the retrograde flow of urine from the bladder into the upper urinary tract and it is the most common urological anomaly in children. Primary VUR is a congenital condition caused by the abnormal development and malfunction of the ureterovesical junction (UVJ).