T/F The World Wide Web was developed at the European Particle Physics Lab as a means of exchanging data about high-energy physics among physicists scattered throughout the world.
T/F The Internet permits a few-to-many format of communications that controls the types and amount of communication a user may conduct.
T/F P2P software gets around copyright infringement because it uses a functionality called uploading from a database stored in a super computer.
T/F Because the Internet databases purge data after reaching 15 years of being posted, this keeps from overloading the supercomputers due to all of the file storage used by newspaper and other print media.
T/F Kant argues that users should be given broader fair use rights in order to blunt the encroachment of a permission culture.
T/F Hollywood and the music content industry are frustrated that coders have not found a copyright protection code to prevent bootlegging of their products.
T/F The judicial system is terrified that protecting bloggers like journalists would allow bloggers to claim the privilege journalists have and refuse to cooperate.
The internet is now central to our daily lives, a place to access a free flow of information and communicate with people all over the world instantly. But this wasn’t always the case.
Thanks in large part to research by Thomas Merrill and Lawrence Roberts, who created the first computer network using telephone lines, Arpanet came online and delivered its first message from a computer at the University of California, Los Angeles, to another at the Stanford Research Institute. The system crashed after only the first two letters of the message, “login,” had been transmitted. By the end of the year, four computers were connected to Arpanet.
According to one report, in 2020, at least eighty-three million Americans had only one company to subscribe to for broadband internet service. Jon Postel, director of the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, with a hand-drawn map of Internet top-level domains in 1994.
Military and Security Origins of Arpanet. During the Cold War, the United States worried about an attack on its communication networks, mainly phone lines, which were exposed and vulnerable.
Maps of Arpanet, the precursor to the global Internet, from December 1969 to March 1977.
Therefore, in the early 1980s, researchers and the private sector took over much of the development and expansion of the Arpanet, which then became the internet. During this period of innovation, developers and inventors typically turned over their technology to the public domain.
1991. British researcher Tim Berners-Lee (far right) and American researchers Robert Kahn (far left), Lawrence Roberts (second from left), and Vinton Cerfy (second from right) are shown in a laptop's screen during a joint news conference in Oviedo, Spain, on October 24, 2002. Alonso Gonzalez/Reuters.
Berners-Lee created the Internet that we know today. Since then, the internet has changed in many ways. In 1992, a group of students and researchers at the University of Illinois developed a sophisticated browser that they called Mosaic. (It later became Netscape.)
In 1992, a group of students and researchers at the University of Illinois developed a sophisticated browser that they called Mosaic. (It later became Netscape.) Mosaic offered a user-friendly way to search the Web: It allowed users to see words and pictures on the same page for the first time and to navigate using scrollbars and clickable links.
By the end of the 1970s, a computer scientist named Vinton Cerf had begun to solve this problem by developing a way for all of the computers on all of the world’s mini-networks to communicate with one another. He called his invention “Transmission Control Protocol,” or TCP. (Later, he added an additional protocol, known as “Internet Protocol.” The acronym we use to refer to these today is TCP/IP.) One writer describes Cerf’s protocol as “the ‘handshake’ that introduces distant and different computers to each other in a virtual space.”
On October 29, 1969, ARPAnet delivered its first message: a “node-to-node” communication from one computer to another. (The first computer was located in a research lab at UCLA and the second was at Stanford; each one was the size of a small house.) The message—“LOGIN”—was short and simple, but it crashed the fledgling ARPA network anyway: The Stanford computer only received the note’s first two letters.
In 1965, another M.I.T. scientist developed a way of sending information from one computer to another that he called “packet switching.”. Packet switching breaks data down into blocks, or packets, before sending it to its destination. That way, each packet can take its own route from place to place.
On October 29, 1969 , ARPAnet delivered its first message: a “node-to-node” communication from one computer to another. (The first computer was located in a research lab at UCLA and the second was at Stanford; each one was the size of a small house.)
On October 4, 1957 , the Soviet Union launched the world’s first manmade satellite into orbit. The satellite, known as Sputnik, did not do much: It relayed blips and bleeps from its radio transmitters as it circled the Earth. Still, to many Americans, the beach-ball-sized Sputnik was proof of something alarming: While the brightest scientists and engineers in the United States had been designing bigger cars and better television sets, it seemed, the Soviets had been focusing on less frivolous things—and they were going to win the Cold War because of it.
Course Hero was founded by Andrew Grauer at Cornell University in 2006 for college students to share lectures, class notes, exams and assignments that usually went ignored. He believed that information is valuable and can be even more useful if properly indexed and accessible.
On April 17, 2012, Course Hero launched 22 free online courses in three "learning paths": Entrepreneurship, Business, and Web Programming. These courses use aggregated educational content from the web and consistently test students until they master their subject.
In November 2014, the company raised $15 million in Series A Funding, with investors that included GSV Capital and IDG Capital. Seed investors SV Angel and Maveron also participated. In February 2020, the company raised a further $10 million in Series B Funding, valuing the company at over $1 billion. The Series B round was led by NewView Capital, whose founder and managing partner, Ravi Viswanathan, joined Course Hero’s board of directors. NewView Capital also contributed $30 million in what’s known as an employee tender offer, a process by which NewView purchased company shares directly from Course Hero employees.
Course Hero offers 24/7 access to online tutors. They can ask any question about a subject and a tutor will respond within 3 days. This access is charged per use via "credits" for Premier Users, but basic subscribers have to pay per question.
Each course breaks down into roughly 6 sections, teaching a combination of videos and articles. On August 7, 2012, Course Hero added a further 18 free skill-based courses to their catalog. Course Hero also rewards students who complete 5 or more in either three offered learning paths.
When a user has uploaded 40 documents, they can download up to 300 documents from Course Hero. However, it takes about three days to get Premier Access after submitting documents. User can search for documents by content, university or course subject. A philanthropic initiative called the Course Hero Knowledge Drive was introduced in September 2010 in which one book is donated to Books for Africa for every 10 study documents uploaded to the website. Since its inception, the Course Hero Knowledge Drive has donated over 200,000 books to students and schools abroad.
The crowdsourced learning platform contains practice problems, study guides, infographics, class notes, step-by-step explanations, essays, lab reports, videos, user-submitted questions paired with answers from tutors, and original materials created and uploaded by educators. Users either buy a subscription or upload original documents to receive unlocks that are used to view and download full Course Hero documents.