What is methylation and how does it work?
Simply put, methylation is a chemical reaction that occurs in every cell and tissue in your body. Chemically speaking, methylation is the process of adding methyl groups to a molecule.
How does methylation affect the MTHFR gene?
Some of these methylation reactions affect neurotransmitters, which is why impaired MTHFR activity is linked with depression. Inefficiency of the MTHFR enzyme is also linked to migraines, autism, fertility, cancer, and birth defects, all of which depend on proper methylation. What is the MTHFR Gene? The MTHFR gene encodes for the MTHFR enzyme.
What happens if your body does not methylate properly?
If your body cannot methylate properly, toxins build up in your bloodstream and will eventually cause disease. Another role of methylation is to help the enzymes in our bodies work efficiently.
What happens when you add methyl to a protein?
Since methyl groups are chemically inert, adding them to a protein (the process of methylation) changes how that protein reacts to other substances in the body, thus affecting how that protein behaves. Enzymes, hormones, and even genes are proteins and the process of methylation affects them all.
What is methylation in biology?
But what is methylation? Simply put, methylation is a chemical reaction that occurs in every cell and tissue in your body. Chemically speaking, methylation is the process of adding methyl groups to a molecule. A ‘methyl group’ is a chemical structure made of one carbon and three hydrogen atoms. Since methyl groups are chemically inert, adding them ...
Why is methylation important?
In some instances, methylation of proteins helps the body detoxify. For example, the methylation process helps convert the toxic amino acid (homocysteine) into a beneficial amino acid (methionine). If your body cannot methylate properly, toxins build up in your bloodstream and will eventually cause disease.
What is MTHFR in methylation?
What is MTHFR and how is it related to methylation? MTHFR (methyletetrahydrofolate reductase) is an enzyme that converts folate into a usable form that our bodies need. It is a key enzyme in an important detoxification reaction in the body – one that converts homocysteine (toxic) to methionine (benign).
What is the MTHFR gene?
The MTHFR gene encodes for the MTHFR enzyme. There are variations in the gene that affect the function of the enzyme. This is explained in further detail below. A simple blood test can tell you if you have a variant copy of this gene.
How does methylation affect genes?
In fact, methylation can turn genes on or off, which can be good or bad for our health, depending on the gene.
Which enzyme converts homocysteine to methionine?
It is the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate that converts homocysteine to methionine by the enzyme methionine synthase. Homocysteine can also be converted to methionine by betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase. This enzyme does not require folic acid. Additionally, when the enzyme MTHFR is impaired, other methylation reactions are compromised.
What is methyl group?
A ‘methyl group’ is a chemical structure made of one carbon and three hydrogen atoms. Since methyl groups are chemically inert, adding them to a protein (the process of methylation) changes how that protein reacts to other substances in the body, thus affecting how that protein behaves. Enzymes, hormones, and even genes are proteins and ...
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Causes
Simply put, methylation is a chemical reaction that occurs in every cell and tissue in your body. In some instances, methylation of proteins helps the body detoxify. For example, the methylation process helps convert the toxic amino acid (homocysteine) into a beneficial amino acid (methionine). If your body cannot me…
Introduction
- Chemically speaking, methylation is the process of adding methyl groups to a molecule. A methyl group is a chemical structure made of one carbon and three hydrogen atoms. Since methyl groups are chemically inert, adding them to a protein (the process of methylation) changes how that protein reacts to other substances in the body, thus affecting how that protein behaves. Enz…
Function
- Another role of methylation is to help the enzymes in our bodies work efficiently. Enzymes are proteins that act like switches for chemical reactions they initiate very important processes in every cell and tissue. In a similar way, methylation affects our genes, which are also made up of proteins. In fact, methylation can turn genes on or off, which can be good or bad for our health, d…
Benefits
- Some nutrients affect the process of methylation quite dramatically methyl donors (nutrients like folate and choline) actually donate methyl groups to proteins and methylating factors (nutrients like vitamin B12 and zinc) helps this process along by monitoring specific methylation reactions. How well your body methylates is important to your overall health.
Risks
- As you continue to read, you will learn that disruptions in methylation processes can cause a variety of issues, including:
Overview
- MTHFR (methyletetrahydrofolate reductase) is an enzyme that converts folate into a usable form that our bodies need. It is a key enzyme in an important detoxification reaction in the body one that converts homocysteine (toxic) to methionine (benign). If the enzyme is impaired, this detoxification reaction is impaired, leading to high homocysteine blood levels. Homocysteine is …
Synthesis
- MTHFR converts 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate. It is the 5-methyltetrahydrofolate that converts homocysteine to methionine by the enzyme methionine synthase. Homocysteine can also be converted to methionine by betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase. This enzyme does not require folic acid.
Clinical significance
- Additionally, when the enzyme MTHFR is impaired, other methylation reactions are compromised. Some of these methylation reactions affect neurotransmitters, which is why impaired MTHFR activity is linked with depression. Inefficiency of the MTHFR enzyme is also linked to migraines, autism, fertility, cancer, and birth defects, all of which depend on proper methylation.
Treatment
- If the MTHFR enzyme is inefficient, you may be able to compensate for your bodys inability to methylate efficiently since this biological process is dependent on several B vitamins. You may simply need more B vitamins than someone without a variant copy of this gene, such as vitamin B6, B12 (methylcobalamin) and the active form of folate (5-methyl tetrahydrofolate). Other meth…
Genetics
- There are DNA sequence variants of MTHFR and the two most commonly evaluated are 677 & 1298. These two differ by one nucleotide at either of 2 locations. The 677 refers to the nucleotide at the 677 position and 1298 is the nucleotide position of the other abnormality. This difference is often referred to as a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP). Abnormal variants are considered …
Structure
- There are 2 possibilities for the nucleotide at the 1298 position, A & C. A encodes for the normal glutamine amino acid and C substitutes an Alanine amino acid. The C variant does not appear to affect the MTHFR activity nor homocysteine levels.
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